Concepts of Peace

Concepts of serenity tranquility A Theoretical FrameworkMiss Ritamoni Gogoi(AbstractThe study of rest has got immense signifi send wordce in the various literature of political science. only if in that respect is no commonality in such correspondence imputable to diversity of the political context of use where serenity is defined and sight adopted to define quiescence. This paper attempts to hold up a theoretical understanding of quiet treaty by taking into account various nuances. Besides, an attempt has been made to moderate a historical trajectory of the understanding of sleep.Key Word peace treaty) on that point are various definitions of rest depending on the context of its conceptualization and perspective adopted to define it. It is essential to abbreviate into the account the socio political context to have proper understanding of the concept of slumber. fit to Fedenico Mayor, power conductor general of the UNESCO, Instead of absence of contend, it ( cou nterinsurgency) is increasingly seen as a dynamic, participative, grand landmark play, establish on universal values and eitherday practice, at all levels the family the school, the community as well as the nation(Serto, 2003). jibe to Jawaharlal Nehru, relaxation is non a relationship of nations. It is a condition of brain brought to the highest degree by the serenity of soul. repose is not merely the absence of contend. It is also a state of mind lasting in full termission advise come only through intermissionfulness-loving people(Dutta and Bhuyan, 2008, p 15).British playwright Dorothy L Sayers said, Never thinks wars are irrational catastrophes they happen when hurt ways of thinking and living bring nigh intolerable situations(L.Dorothy, 1947).According to Dr. Frank Buchman serenity is not just a beautiful idea. It intend people becoming radically unlike. The thinking here is futuristic and in that respect is scope for everyone to hang (Buchman, 1947).Thus, t he above definitions of sleep signify the meaning of peace as freedom from disturbance, absence of tension and presence of quietness, calmness, tranquility, justice and brotherhood. Peace tail end come only through peaceful people. Peace is not just a beautiful idea it is dynamic and long term process base on universal values. It throw out be practise every day, at all levels of our life.According to Kanti Bajpai, the concept of peace can be defined on the basis of another tierce assorted perspectives. Firstly, peace as the mere absence of war, that is a hegemonic of deterrent peace, secondly peace as functional and economic interaction, what could be called a transactional peace and peace as a loving condition in which allowance preferably than event mediate change(Samaddar, 2004, 38-53).The meaning of peace varied in differed period in history. For example The Roman poet Tacitus spoke of fashioning a desert and calling it peace an unwanted place of sterileness and e mptiness. Similarly, although everyone desires peace of mind, the temporary peace that comes from drug based with pronounce from social reality, the peacefulness of sleep, or the undesired peace of a stupor or even of death may not seen so enviable (Barash and Webel, 2002, p 4).The concept of peace in eastern world claims that peace may be the most longed for serviceman condition. The Chinese philosopher Lao-tzu put uper of Taoism and antecedent of Tao De Ching, emphasized that troops force is not the Tao or way for human being to follow (Ibid. p4). His conception of peace denotes that peace is not an supreme human goal and social harmony cannot bring peace. Instead of this manipulation of views, he valued obedience and order as virtues of peace.Gandhis imagination of peace is different from other thinkers in many aspects. According to Gandhi, peace implies a state of cocksure and constructive world order where every individual live in co-operation and mutual aid. Peace is a cementing force for the participation and the world. Gandhi viewed that truth is more than(prenominal) important than peace and peace can be achieved only through truthful style. His vision of peace is based on his philosophy of life that is mutual good will and companionship among all the people.Now, we hear or read so much about peace and peace are being developed on international scales under the banner of peace keeping operations of the countries. The trus cardinalrthy wars, force play and fight situation of the world force us to offer option thinking about peace. Today peace is used as a defense of indisputable protective cover plans and rationalities. In this context we can refers to peace as a social justice mainly concerned with resolve the problem of poverty, unequal access to resources etc. Peace is shapeed by spheric rationalities of security that is ordered with particular kind of peace trys such as global peace programmes, institutional capacity training plans, information share-out and environmental sustainability schemes. This kind of peace drifts has inscribed as the future cerebrate character of international peace program and initiatives (IIcan and Philips, 2006, 59-60). The concept of peace is not merely stands as opposition to warfare or violent conflict it is a metaphor for security and used to act on the security of a group or population. Thus the concept of peace is governed by various rationalities of security.At constitute there are mainly deuce types of interpretation of the meaning of peace-negative peace and positive peace. Negative peace is expound as an absence of manifest fierceness such as war which could be realized through talks or mediation preferably than resorting to the physical force. Negative peace simply denotes a condition in which no active organized military violence can take place.The term positive peace was invented in the mid- 1960s by pot Galtung, a Norwegian peace researcher. The concept of positive peace is based on a broader understanding of social condition which implies presence of certain number of essential factors in the hunting lodge. This means making available of those conditions of peace which are necessary for living a peaceful life. In the positive connotation of peace, peace is more than the absence of violence it is the presence of social justice through equal opportunity and fair distribution of index finger and resources, equal protection and impartial enforcement of law. The negative conception of peace addresses the prompt symptoms conditions of war and the use and effects of force and weapon, sequence positive peace implicates the elimination of the root causes of war, violence and injustice. It also involves, conscious efforts to build a fraternity reflecting these commitments. On the other hand negative peace is consistent with structural violence. In last few years, the meaning of violence is changed and parvenue meanings arise. This parvenu focus of violence is structural violence. Structural violence implies those injuries or exploitative characters which are inbuilt in the structure itself. It generally refers to societal structure, i.e., structure of orderliness, structure of a fellowship may be authoritarian and exploitative and also a source of violence. Structural violence is more significant because it happens in a continuous manner. Thus structural violence is a serious form of social oppression. Positive peace signifies removal of such structural violence. Thus negative concept of peace is different from positive conception of peace. While the negative peace denotes narrow understanding of peace, positive concept of peace is a broader understanding of peace. Although, there is variation between negative peace and positive peace, both imply the pains for structural stability (Barash and Webel, 2002, 6-7).In the present context, more than the state both(prenominal) other actors and process are seen to be actively involved in the process of peace making. For instance, number of international brass sections are right away compete very significant role in the peace making process. With the means of global flows of capital, images, ideas and practices of governance the sources of authority on peace have grow from nation-state to international organization and institutes such as Amnesty international govern peace, Oxfam International, the International institute of peace education, the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), the intellectual nourishment and Agri flori gardening Organization (FAO), the World Health Organization (WHO) and UNESCO. In an effort to bear on peace the United Nation, Agenda for peace, initiated in 1992 under the former UN secretary General Butros Ghali, ex-compassed diverse peace initiatives that attempted to shape actions, processes and offspring in precise direction by linking peace development and country( IIcan and Philips, 2006, 59-60).Similarly we can mention the UNESCOs peace effort, which is implemented to promote education for peace, human rights, democracy, international understanding and tolerance. In 1945, UNESCO adopted its receive constitution where it stated its purposes. The basic purpose of the organization is to contribute to peace and security by promoting collaboration among the nations through education, science and culture. UNESCOs culture of peace program grows a global movement of peace when it introduced their marriage offer for an international Decade for a culture of peace in 2000. The current peace programme of UNESCO reflects a modernistic era of cultural technology in the name of peace and security. The basic intention of UNESCOs culture of peace program was to building of international peace through global effort. Thus culture of peace implies a global effort to change people thinking and action towards peace. Finally it can be argued that UNESCO culture of peace initiative mo bilize the global population into the fresh mentalities of peace and security through an emphasis on investing in democratic institution by training children as the future peaceful generation and facilitating womens involvement in peace proportion (ibid., 59-60).At present compass point of human development, a wide variety of doctrines and organization expose various ways of achieving peace. In this context, peace movement is considered as source of popular opposition to war and to militarism as they are more traditionally identified (Goldstain, 2005, 261). In addition to mass destruction, common tactical manoeuvre of peace movement include getting antiwar movements into the media, participating in well-mannered disobedience and occasionally organizing consumer boycott(ibid., 261). Peace movements participate in election and lobbying like other interest groups. It also includes the draft government buildings, taxes, and atomic test sites and tries to educate the public by spread ing information about a war or arms peace.As peace process evolve, a wide variety of documents are produced that can be termed peace cartel. Though there is no agreed definition of the term peace discernment, we use the term to signify the formal arrangement aimed at ending violent conflict. The agreement brooks space for courteous society involvement in the implementation of a specific peace agreement. The foothold of the agreements both(prenominal)times used variously which protect and develop the civil societys role in the provision of humanitarian relief. In some agreement, the focus is on ensuring physical protection of humanitarian relief operations, rather than establishing freshly forms of civil involvement in such operation in Sierra Leone, the 1999 cease flame agreement(s) guaranteed safe and unhindered accuse to humanitarian organization(Bell and Rourke, 2007, 375-376). The role of civil society in some peace agreement in general associated with the human right m onitoring. Peace agreement can provide the civil society organization to monitor or strengthen human rights. The new human rights commission of Liberia was result of comprehensive peace agreement write in 2003. Thus, the involvement of civil society in the peace agreement mainly provides humanitarian assistance. As a civic organization it can undermine the intended role of civil society as peace promoting (Bell, 2006, 375-376).The peace agreement can usefully be classified into three main types which tend to emerge at different stage of a conflict renegotiation agreement, Framework/ substantive agreement and Implementation/ Renegotiation agreement (Ibid., 376). The pre negotiation stages of peace process are designed to resolve the fundamental issues in the conflict often termed talk about talk. The pre negotiation stage tends to focus on who is going to negotiate and with what status, raising issues such as the return of negotiations from eviler or their release from prison, safeg uards as to future physical honor and freedom from imprisonment and limits on how the war may be waged while negotiation takes place (Ibid.,376).Substantive or framework agreement begins to provide a framework to address the major causes of conflict. It aimed at sustaining cease fire to stop the violence more permanently. Substantive agreement are linking with new constitutional structure for addressing governance, elections and legal and human rights institution to end military violence. And lastly implementation agreement develops aspect of the framework to bring new negotiation and include all the parties to the framework of agreement. In case of odd or nonexistent implementation, implemented agreement can effectively involve renegotiation and new agreement. Notably it is important that the pre negotiation, implementation agreement, substantive/ framework agreement constitute peace agreement per excellence (Ibid., 376).The above discussion suggests that today it is paramount im portant to redefine the peace not merely as the absence of violent conflict but as the positive and creative process of building sustainable societies. Peace and development are two sides of the same coin. When there is peace development can move much foster. Thus there is need of peace in the society for the overall socio-economic development of the society.During the last few years, there has been a lot of public lecture and discussion on peace and to demands from various quarters to bring peace into the state. But the history of peace studies proves that although most people claim to be in favour of peace, the natural preference and interest for peace have been negligible. The majority seems to be most interested in war. At present all too many people find peace boring, and war exciting. When war is mentioned on the daily newscasts, people pick up their cars, when peace is mentioned people are more likely yawn (Barash and Webel,2002, 29). It is also found that the struggle fro m peace is much more difficult than challenge of war. It is finally a question of establishing justice rather than resolving conflict. Thus there is need to prepare for taking peace as peace, for approaching it from the windowpane of civil society culture, identities and differences (Dutta Hazarika, 2012, 12). The need of the peace in the multi cultural society like India is immense as it is essential for a just society that provides justifiable rights to all segments of the society.ReferencesBarash David P and Charles P Webel, (Edit), 2002, Peace and Conflict Studies, modern Delhi Sage Publication.Bell Christine, Catherine O Rourke, 2007, The Peoples Peace? Peace agreements civil society and participatory democracy in International Political Science Review, Vol.28, No.3, pp. 375-76.Bell, Christine, 2006, Peace Agreement Their Nature and Legal Status in American journal of International Law, Vol.100, No.2, pp.375-76.Buchman, Frank, 1947, Remarking the world, London Glanford Press. 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