How Fed Uses Open Market Operations Essay

Open market operations, which consist of purchases and sales of government securities, is the Federal Reserve’s conventional device for exercising monetary policy. Based on the Fed, the term monetary policy refers to the actions taken by a central bank to influence the availability and cost of money and credit and to help promote national economic goals (FederalReserve.gov). These securities transactions help dictate the federal funds rate (rate at which banks lend excess reserves to one another). The fed funds rate is significant to our economy because it somewhat controls the overall financial situation, affecting employment, output, and the overall level of prices. FOMC In 1913, the Federal Reserve Act was passed, giving the Fed authority for setting monetary policy. In 1935, the Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) was created. They are the board in charge of setting monetary policy for the Fed. THE FOMC implements the policies and also discloses them to the public. The board consists of 12 members that serve one-year terms on a â€Å"rotating basis†. They hold 8 scheduled meetings a year, and discuss economic and financial conditions, proper stances of monetary policy, and risk-assessments of things like price stability and sustainable economic growth (FederalReserve.gov). GOALS of MONETARY POLICY The two primary goals of monetary policy are to promote sustainable output and employment to the highest capacity and to promote price stability. Although monetary policy cannot affect these two things in the long run, it certainly can help influence them in the short-term. An example of this is interest rates. The Fed can lower interest rates to help raise demand and thus help to momentarily stimulate the economy. The problem with this, though, can be inflation. In the long run, attempting to fuel an economy beyond its capabilities will not help unemployment rates or output, but rather, just create more inflation, hurting economic growth. OPEN MARKET OPERATIONS: TOOL of MONETARY POLICY Open market operations are very useful in exercising monetary policy due to their relation with the total supply of balances at the Federal Reserve and the federal funds rate (Edwards, pg. 859). At the federal funds market, using the fed funds rate, depository institutions lend Federal Reserves balances to one another. The total amount of Federal Reserve balances that are available to these institutions is assessed via open market operations. These operations are aimed at either achieving a desired quantity of balances, or a desired price. The problem is that it is difficult to attain both, considering they negatively converse one another. According to Cheryl L. Edwards, of the Boards Division of Monetary Affairs: â€Å"The greater the emphasis on a quantity objective,   the more short-run changes in the demand for balances will influence the federal funds rate; conversely, the greater the emphasis on a funds-rate objective, the more shifts in demand will influence the quantity of Federal Reserve balances.† Throughout the years, the Fed has used both methods for open market operations. ADVANTAGES There are numerous reasons as to why the Fed uses open market operations to control monetary policy. First, the Fed has complete control over the type of open market operation and its size. Second, open market operations can be implemented quite hastily and without delays. They are also flexible, so the Fed can quickly reverse any mistakes. Lastly, the funds rate lets the FED adjust reserve balances when things past the Fed’s control cause reserves to rise and fall (Akhtar,1997). DISADVANTAGES With everything, there are advantages and disadvantages. The disadvantages of open market operations relate to specific, isolated situations. For example, if the money market is not developed, the central bank can’t exert full control over the bank reserves(blurit.com). Also, if commercial banks have excess reserves but still use an easy lending policy, the sale of government securities will not have the intended effect of lowering cash reserves of the commercial banks. And if there is a return of notes from circulation, the securities sale might not be able to â€Å"reduce the cash reserves of member banks†. HOW FED USES OPEN MARKET OPERATIONS The Federal Reserve operates open market operations with primary dealers (government securities dealers that have a strong trading relationship with the Fed (newyorkfed.org). These dealers hold accounts at depository institutions, so when the Fed does funds transactions with the dealer at it’s bank, the transaction either adds to or takes away from the reserves in the banking system. Because of this, open market operations indirectly influence the fed funds rate. Changes to the fed funds rate ultimately have a powerful effect on other short-term rates. CONCLUSION In conclusion, open market operations have always been the most prominent of the three tools used in affecting monetary policy. In today’s technological and highly competitive financial environment, monetary policy can sometimes be difficult, but the Fed still accepts open market operations as the most essential way to control our policies. As Michael Akbar Akhtar, vice president of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, explains: â€Å"Among the policy instruments used by the Federal Reserve, none is more important for adjusting bank reserves than open market operations, which add or drain reserves through purchases or sales of securities in the open market. Indeed, open market operations are, by far, the most powerful and flexible tool of monetary policy† BIBLIOGRAPHY – http://research.stlouisfed.org/aggreg/meeks.pdf. Understanding Open Market Operations, M.A. Akhtar. Federal Reserve Bank of NY, 1997. – http://www.federalreserve.gov/monetarypolicy/default.htm -http://www.newyorkfed.org/aboutthefed/fedpoint/fed32.html -http://www.federalreserve.gov/pubs/bulletin/1997/199711lead.PDF. Open Market Operations in the 1990’s, Cheryl L. Edwards. -http://www.blurtit.com/q696680.html

Moral Relativism vs. Moral Objectivism

Moral relativism is a philosophical doctrine which claims that moral or ethical theses do not reveal unqualified and complete moral truths (Pojman, 1998). However, it formulates claims comparative to social, historical, and cultural, or individual preferences. Moreover, moral relativism recommends that no particular standard or criterion exists by which to evaluate and analyze the truthfulness of a certain ethical thesis. Relativistic standpoints repeatedly see moral values as valid only within definite cultural limitations or in the framework of personal preferences. An intense relativist stance might imply that assessing the moral or ethical decisions or acts of other individuals or group of individuals does not contain any value, still most relativists bring forward a more inadequate account of the theory. On the other hand, moral relativism is most commonly mistake as correspondence to moral pluralism/value pluralism. Moral pluralism recognizes the co-existence of contrasting and divergent ideas and practices yet it does not entail yielding them the same authority. Moral relativism, quite the opposite, argues that differing moral standpoints do not contain truth-value. At the same time, it suggests that no ideal standard of reference that is available by which to evaluate them (Pojman, 1998). History traces relativist principles and doctrines more than some thousand years ago. The claim by Protagoras that man is the measure of all things marks a premature philosophical antecedent to modern relativism (Pojman, 1998). Furthermore, Herodotus, a Greek historian, viewed that every society looks upon its own belief system and means of performing their functions as the finest, in comparison to that of others. Though different prehistoric philosophers also inquired the concept of a universal and unconditional standard of morality, Herodotus argument on moral relativism remains as the most fundamental idea of moral relativism. In the medieval age of moral philosophy, Thomas Aquinas defines moral philosophy as the collection or collections of ideas and claims which, as values and guidelines of action, identify the types of preferred action that are justly intellectual and rational for human persons and society (Pojman, 1998). It is a basically realistic philosophy of values which motivate individuals towards human fulfillment so that better-off state of affairs is mutually represented and practicable by means of the actions that equally evident and put up the superiorities of moral fiber conventionally labeled as virtues. Aquinas argument about moral is not really confined with his prior conceptualization of the idea of virtue – that is acquired through regular practice or by habit. For him, moral law is not a mere product of habituation. As explained above, his idea of moral law is linked with the concept of rationality or reason. A human person regards an action as morally right not because it is habitually observed or performed but because it comes within rational analysis of that individual. In the contemporary period, Ruth Benedict, an anthropologist, opines that morality differs in every society which is evidently framed on the idea of moral relativism (Pojman, 1998). Benedict argues that there is no such thing as moral values but only customs and traditions. She admits that each society has its own customary practices that are justified simply because they are part of the tradition exclusive to that society. For Benedict, morals obtain their values based on how individuals see certain acts and behaviors as beneficial to their society. And such is what she called as the standard of moral goodness. Now, such morally good action is deemed to perform habitually to maintain the advantages brought about by such morally good actions. In effect, being morally good and habitually performance of an action subsist together as the society upholds their own moral law. References: Pojman, L. (1998). Moral Philosophy: A Reader (2nd ed.). Hackett Publishing Company.

Rethinking Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Rethinking Strategy - Essay Example To achieve competitive advantage, a business outfit should achieve superior performance on the strategic factors relevant to stakeholders. For the Harvard professor and one of the famous thinker's business models, "a competitive strategy takes offensive or defensive action to create a defendable position in the industry ("Competitive Advantage," 2007)." The basis for a business' beyond par performance in an industry, according to Porter, is that a business has competitive advantage. There are three approaches to attain this status. The first is by attaining cost leadership. This means that a firm aspiring for this must become the firm that has the lowest cost of production in its industry. It is actually the ability of a firm to design, produce, and market a comparable product more efficiently than its competitors (Kenney, 2003, p.44). In a case where a company's prices are similar or near that of his competitors, the company that has superior returns has cost leadership. The second is by differentiation. The firm seeks to be unique in the industry where it belongs, among some that are widely valued by buyers. One huge factor that a makes customers value a company's product is by having special product features and service. The third is through focus. ... The first and more "traditional" is the outside-in approach. According to this mode of thinking, the company's strategy heavily depends on external (market) constraints such as customers, entry barriers of suppliers, threat of substitutes, etc. The most vital means to success is the "strategic fit": the jibing between the company's strategy and its environment (Paawe and Boselie 2004, Kenny 2003, p.44). One of the most popular versions of this thought is Michael Porter's popular "outside-in" Five Forces model. Existing competitive rivalry between suppliers, threat of new market entrants, bargaining power of buyers, power of suppliers, and threat of substitute products makes up Porter's five forces (Chapman. 2005). These are all external, environmental forces. For Paauwe and Boselie, the company's primary course of action in the company's outside-in strategy therefore is to adopt contingency measures. The company puts premium to its reaction to the environmental forces (outside) that affects its operation and performance (in). On the other hand, the inside-out approach thinking more espoused by strategic managers than the traditional outside-in one in the late 1990's. This method is more concerned on the internal resources of a company rather than how it will strengthen itself from external problems. Core competence of Hamel and Prahalad is an example of a business model that applies the inside out thinking. Under this model, corporations should find a core of shared competencies. A core competency is "an area of specialized expertise that is the result of harmonizing complex streams of technology and work activity." To identify a core competence,

Fashion Designer Employment Status Report Assignment

Fashion Designer Employment Status Report - Assignment Example Realistically, since I am still a starter on this career, I will take on any opportunity that I will be offered to be able to showcase my ability. This will entail attending any beauty pageant that I am able to so that I can sharpen my designing skills. I am constantly seeking growth as an artist while trying to enjoy the process as much as I can. I feel that if I enjoy myself while working on a piece that I am designing, the pleasure will help me put in that extra effort that is necessary to make the piece truly polished. Even though I am so passionate, there are moments when I feel there is something holding me back. This often happens when I have conversations with my parents regarding my future. They always ask me questions that I do not want to answer due to the fact that they consider I do not take my life seriously. However, I am motivated to pursue my career in the fashion design industry due to the fact that this industry has grown up a lot in the past 20 years. It has become a large part of the creative industry hence competitive; as such there is no guarantee that one can be successful. Despite the fact that it is extremely hard to get established in this industry, there are some things that I can do to make myself get a better chance of getting noticed. I believe that I can work hard and produce great work at college hence recognition. The quality of my work is my biggest philosophy; I believe that this is the greatest tool that I have to boost me to achieve my goals. Currently, I am a student in the Academy of Art University majoring in Costume Design. Since joining this university, I have seen how to design in my own way so that I am comfortable designing each piece in the shortest amount of time but still keep developing my own style. In order to gain my own style is to take the next step. According to Careers in Fashion, p.1, fashion marketing careers are highly competitive, so the more you can learn from fashion school, the better prepared you will be.  At the moment I am a student and my next step is to gain experience in the business field.  

Management of IT Governance Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Management of IT Governance - Research Paper Example The ISO standards that apply globally cover a very wide range of consumer goods from manufactures. Anything that a particular manufacturer decides to do must have proper documentation of the whole process regarding non conformance disposition to show the justification of the action and the proper performance of the action. Compliance to FDA is mandatory for all manufactures in the life sciences and the other related industries. On the other hand, manufactures in the non-life sciences, though they comply with the various federal directives, they strictly adhere to the standards set by ISO. This can either be voluntary to enhance the reliability of their products or to comply with the requirements of the countries where they intend to sell their products. Among the directives enforced by FDA, the two, which have the most significant effect are the 21 CFR Part 820 ant the 21 CFR Part 211 that all require the application of a quality management process. 21 CFR Part 211 that is applicable to all pharmaceutical corporations, covers all aspects of development and manufacture of drugs, right from the personnel, the processes and to the distribution. Among the basic requirements of the regulation are records and reports. Pharmaceutical companies require quality management processes, which are compliant and efficient in order to maintain the required records and reports. The 21 CFR Part 820 that applies to companies dealing with medical devices, requires the presence of controls in the process of designing, documentation, manufacturing as well as production. It specifically requires the implementation of a quality management system that is appropriate for the particular medical device. FDA provides a definition of what it makes up a quality m anagement system and specifies the records, which the manufacturer of the medical device must maintain (Carpenter, 2014).

Posts Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Posts - Term Paper Example to minimize the chances of the researcher moving out of the topic as research based on what the researcher had learnt in the undergraduate course (Carnegie, 1998). Thus this would ease the search for information as the researcher would have all the required source of information. This information would ease efforts to conduct the research than if he/she was researching on a topic not relevant to his/ her degree. I disagree with choosing a topic based on profundity and breadth. The main reason being the requirement is how much evidence the researcher provides. This may be darned much possible for a topic having short profundity and breadth given the researcher is able to gather large quantity of information required to support argument raised. The same study for a topic with large profundity and breath may have immense trouble to accomplish if the researcher is unable to gather enough evidence to support the argument. Data collected during the research may be enough but still fail to satisfy the requirement of the topic researched. Thus the size of the topic being for which research I conducted may not be of substantial necessity in conducting the research. I agree that, to source for a sufficient amount of pertinent information is extremely importance in conducting the study. This evidenced by the fact that for any research being conducted it is a prime requirement to have sufficient information (See, 2012). It evidenced that plenty of information provides enough proof to support the topic under which one is carrying a research. Sufficient information is a crucial aspect to the research, completion of search for pertinent information clearly indicates that one is almost completing the project. This being the most expensive stage of research requires one to purchase several materials, do printing, fill questionnaire and prepare for the presentation. Qualifying the presentation stage shows that the research was successful and thus the information obtained was

Business Tax Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Business Tax - Essay Example on, whether an activity is considered as trading or non-trading depends on the specific facts of different cases as provided in the badges of trade (Hmrc.gov.uk, 2015). In this regard, this paper states the general rules relating to how HMRC determines trading and applies them to interpreted different transactions in different scenarios. The badges of trade aid in deciding whether a transaction after review, is a trade or non-trade for the application of corporation taxes. The first of the badges of trade is the profit-seeking motive which states that with evidence that the sole intention of purchasing an asset is to re-sell at a profit and not holding it as an investment leads to the conclusion that trading has occurred or is being carried on (Great Britain & Hodge, 2013). The implication of the profit-seeking principle is not that a profit-seeking objective should definitely mean a trade is being carried on but that this motive should be weighed with the other factors provided in the badges of trade. For an example of a case law, Salt v Chamberlain (1979) case concerned losses that had been made by an individual in the transaction of buying and selling quoted securities with a motive of making profits. In that case, the prosecution asserted that the evidence that an individual is engaged in transactions involving speculative dealings in the stock market is considered as carrying on a trade (Great Britain & Hodge, 2013). In this case, the claim was that all the other badges of trade were present but the General Commissioners and the court declined to disturb the findings indicating that they were not trade transactions (Hmrc.gov.uk, 2015). This case implied that the motive of seeking profit is a question of fact that and is not determined by the professed intentions of the person and in most cases it is inferred from the surrounding situations. The second badge is emphasized on the number of the transactions and states that repeated and systematic transactions

Molecular Fluorescence Analysis of Proteins Lab Report

Molecular Fluorescence Analysis of Proteins - Lab Report Example As the electron returns from the lowest triplet state to the singlet ground state, a photon is released. The high sensitivity and specificity of fluorescence techniques facilitates the study of individual protein molecules. Therefore, this experiment sought to determine the source of fluorescence in serum albumin by first establishing the fluorescence of two key amino acids that make up serum albumin. Such a study would enable a detailed study of serum albumin as a protein. The experiment also aimed at establishing the concentration of riboflavin using the absorption of known concentrations of riboflavin. Solutions of 10 Â µM tyrosine and tryptophan were made to volumes of 100Â µL each by first preparing 100 mL of 1mM solutions and diluting them to 10 Â µM. The applications software of the fluorescent instrument was loaded after which the condition parameters were set. An emission scan range of between 290 and 380 nm was set alongside slits of 5nm. The emission wavelength was set to 280 nm, and the emission tab was clicked to obtain the emission spectrum of the buffer solution. The spectrum was saved after which the same procedure was repeated for tryptophan. Thereafter, an excitation spectrum for tryptophan was prepared by choosing the optimal emission wavelength according to the results of the emission spectrum. A tyrosine spectrum was obtained using similar conditions as those of the buffer. The tyrosine band was then obtained by subtracting the buffer spectrum from the tyrosine spectrum. All these steps were repeated for serum albumin making sure to save all the spectra. 1.0 mL of 10 ppm riboflavin solution was measured into a 100 mL volumetric flask and diluted using the buffer to make a 100 ppb stock solution. Standard solutions were then prepared using clean volumetric pipettes rinsed with HPLC water. The final concentrations of the standard solutions were

Business Financing and the Capital Structure Essay - 6

Business Financing and the Capital Structure - Essay Example Raising finance through friends and family members is the least expensive way to access funds since it avoids high interest loans. Friends and family members are more patient than lenders, such as banks. The major disadvantage is that the owners must give out approximately 50% of their business to the outsiders. This puts the venture in danger of losing their business fully. Some of them may over expect the amount of profits. This brings misunderstandings because they expect more than can be afforded. Investments from family and friends require a good explanation about the impact of the venture. The financial arrangements should all be business-like. Formal business processes should be followed regardless of the relationship between the lender and the borrower. The details of the borrowed money should be outlined. This involves the means of payment, and what would happen in case the business does not prosper (Wolff, 2000). The borrower should not accept more money than the investor could afford to lose. It may render the company bankrupt. Finally, a written contract should be availed for the business owner, friends, and family. The business should treat the money as bridge financing to the next financing level (Boa and Edmans, 2007). Any payment schedule developed should suit the entrepreneur and the lender. An exit plan should be available describing how the investors will cash out the investments. Debt capital is loan obtained that must be returned with interest. Debt capital form of financing has higher interest rate than loans given to small companies since they have higher risks of return trade off than bigger corporate consumers do. The entrepreneurs maintain complete ownership of the business. Borrowed capital is a liability on the balance sheet. The major advantage of debt financing is that the lender cannot own the business. Those who lend capital only require interest on the loan given. Debt financing cost

Performance of Veolia Environnement in Fulfilling Social Needs Research Paper - 3

Performance of Veolia Environnement in Fulfilling Social Needs - Research Paper Example The company had undergone heavy debt which resulted in fire-scale of company’s assets, dizzying financial condition, and an identity crisis. In the year 2002, the company had declared net loss of â‚ ¬12.3 billion. As a consequence, the company’s rate with regards to credit has turned into ‘Junk’ status. Vivendi Universal had sold a fraction of its large holdings to pay off the debt of stakeholders. The shareholders of the company sued against the former manager and claimed a price of 54 million USD. In the year 2002, due to the bad financial condition, Vivendi Universal was forced to sell parts of their stake in Vivendi Environnement. In order to retain the confidence of shareholders and also to reflect the organization’s greater independence, Vivendi Environnement was named as Veolia Environnement (Public Citizen 2005). Approximately 70% of international privatized water business is ruled by two companies, i.e. Veolia and Suez. Both the companies have made a joint subsidiary company so that profit can be shared between them in lieu of competing with each other. Both the companies had created an uncompetitive business situation through joint ventures (Public Citizen 2005). Veolia Environnement though used illegal methods such as bribery to get water contracts. For example, two senior executives of Veolia Environnement was convicted for giving bribe to the Mayor of St. Denis for obtaining water contract in the year 1996 (Public Citizen 2005). Besides bribery, there are other critiques of Veolia Environnement, for example, in the year 2003 Veolia Environnement’s waste management was ordered to provide fine of 100,000 Euro for damaging of 3500 hectares scrubland by fire. In 2000, Veolia Environnement misled the investors for purchasing the US Filter plant. The loss of 2.25 billion Euros had been represented to the investor a profit of 625 million Euros (Chandra, Girard, and Puscas 2005). Veolia Environnement has a poor r ecord of societal and environmental issues. To counter these bad records Veolia Company made a good long term relationship with the United Nations and World Water Council in order to build a good image before society. The company has conducted several advertisings for promoting privatization of water. Veolia Environnement affiliated with various international agencies for searching new market and expanded their business. The International Financial Institution (IFI) provided Veolia Environnement a large amount of money for the infrastructure of service and developed many urban renewal projects internationally.

Development of the Bond Market in Bangladesh Essay Example for Free

Development of the Bond Market in Bangladesh Essay It is a privilege to be here this morning at this pioneering event, and I would like to congratulate the Bangladesh Bank and the Securities and Exchange Commission for hosting the first-ever international workshop on the development of bond market in Bangladesh. Bond markets link issuers having long-term financing needs with investors willing to place funds in long-term, interest-bearing securitiBangladeshes. has both the issuers and the investors in place but it still has not been able to link them effectively through a bond market. The positive effect of developing a domestic bond market on the economy is well-known. On the one hand, bond markets are essential for a country to enter a sustained phase of development driven by market-based capital allocation and increased avenues for raising debt capital. On the other hand, the central position occupied by domestic bond markets in markedly increasing the resilience of a country’s financial system and insulating it against external shocks, contagion and reduction of access to international capital markets is established. Capital markets are essentially about matching the needs of investors with those that need capital for development. Bangladesh has no shortage of both such parties, a young and dynamic population that increasingly wants, and is able to, make provision for lifetime events, to save for children’s education, for the possibility of ill health and ultimately for old age and retirement. On the other side of the equation, Bangladesh has a pressing need for investment resources to bolster its stretched infrastructure resources, to build more power stations, bridges, ports and gas-pipelines to empower the people in the development of enterprise and the creation of jobs. Debt markets are an extremely effective mechanism for matching the long term needs of savers with those of entrepreneurs. Term capital is a precious commodity and it has been a frustration to see the process of long term savings, such as provident funds and life insurance contracts, being invested in short term instruments such as bank deposits, a process we call ‘reverse term transformation’ but we could equally call it â€Å"reverse alchemy† in which the gold of term capital is turned into the lead of short term iabilities. As a development institution it is our goal to establish sustainable capacity. As Bangladesh has led the world in its development of the microfinance industry, you have impressed us all with your ability to mobilize funds for productive purposes at the community level in the villages. What we need to see now is a similar degree of success at the institutional level in terms of mobilizing resources for infrastructure and other uses of long ter m funds. At the World Bank, we would like to help you in this endeavor; it is much more useful that Taka funds are mobilized to fund projects whose sole revenue source will be in Taka. I am sure that it is a shared ambition of us all that Bangladesh should play a larger role in mobilizing its own capital resources and reducing the dependency upon donor institutions such as ourselves. We at the World Bank would like to work with you to this end, so that we can move on from providing infrastructure finance for sustainable development to a higher level of developing a sustainable, national, infrastructure financing capacity. Bond markets in most countries are built on the same basic elements: a number of issuers with long-term financing needs, investors with a need to place savings or other liquid funds in interest-bearing securities, intermediaries that bring together investors and issuers, and an infrastructure that provides a conducive environment for securities transactions, ensures legal title to securities and settlement of transactions, and provides price discovery information. The regulatory regime provides the basic framework for bond markets and, indeed, for capital markets in general. Efficient bond markets are characterized by a competitive market structure, low transaction costs, low levels of fragmentation, a robust and safe market infrastructure, and a high level of heterogeneity among market participants. It is my hope that this Workshop will debate and discuss the various initiatives that are necessary to develop the intermediaries, infrastructure and the regulatory regime so that a vibrant bond market becomes a reality in Bangladesh soon. An important element of a domestic bond market is the government bond market. Development of a government bond market provides a number of important benefits if the pre-requisites to a sound development are in place. At the macroeconomic policy level, a government securities market provides an avenue for domestic funding of budget deficits and avoid a build-up of foreign currency-denominated debt. A government securities market can also strengthen the transmission and implementation of monetary policy, including the achievement of monetary targets or inflation objectives, and can enable the use of market-based indirect monetary policy instruments. The existence of such a market not only can enable authorities to smooth consumption and investment expenditures in response to shocks, but if coupled with sound debt management, can also help governments reduce their exposure to interest rate risk – a situation that is looming large in the National Savings Certificates market, currency, and other financial risks. Finally, a shift toward market-oriented funding of government budget deficits will reduce debt-service costs over the medium to long term through development of a deep and liquid market for government securities. The prerequisites for establishing an efficient government domestic currency securities market include a credible and stable government; sound fiscal and monetary policies; effective legal, tax, and regulatory infrastructure; smooth and secure settlement arrangements; and a liberalized financial system with competing intermediaries. Since pension and life insurance reform helps in the development of government securities market, starting the process of pension and insurance reform now might be prudent because of the time it takes to feel the positive impact of such reforms on the capital market. While some of these prerequisites have already been met, I hope that this Workshop will discuss the initiatives, their prioritization and the time horizon for their implementation, which will be necessary for putting the rest in place. Before ending, I would like to table a few suggestions for consideration in the Workshop. These are: 1. Creating a bond market in Bangladesh will be a long process, and the hard work of many architects, artisans and craftsmen will be required in the construction. I am optimistic that the foundations are now in place and this seminar is going to be one of many uilding blocks that will help create the market framework. This framework must be solid if a bond market is to gain investors confidence and hence allow public and private sectors to raise capital for the much needed investments in Bangladesh. 2. To ease the process, the Government bonds must come first. To increase the attractiveness of these bonds and to ensure their soundness, Bangladesh Bank w ill need to continue its initiatives to develop the secondary market, lower transaction costs and improve upon the market infrastructure to support secondary market liquidity. The Bangladesh Bank has already achieved a great deal to this end in a very short time. It was not so long ago that government debt market trading was effectively zero; now we see a disciplined, organized market taking shape with maturities in traded securities out to ten years. We congratulate the Governor and his team for their achievements in this field and are proud if we have been able to play some small part in support of the Government and the Bangladesh Bank in this success. 3. Banks are invariably amongst the major users of long term debt markets in order to raise long-term subordinate debt to supplement their capital bases. Many regulators now actively encourage the issuance of debt by banks in the local currency market as a step towards the discipline of â€Å"market monitoring† envisaged in the Basel II capital adequacy regime. It is probably the case that the state of the banking system in Bangladesh makes this a medium-term project, however, we have already been presently surprised by the progress we have seen in several fields in terms of banking sector reform and debt market development. A prior requirement to facilitate issuance of fixed income capital instruments is the adoption of international accounting standards, and more effective enforcement of Bangladesh Bank’s supervisory standards. The increased use of credit rating agencies has often accompanied this development, but this can add value only to the extent that the opinion of the rating agencies is valued by the market. We have noted with interest the nascent development of a debt rating capacity in Bangladesh and hope to see this sector rise to international standards. . One other extremely important role that debt markets can play is in the development of the housing finance market, an area of activity where the ordinary citizens need to have access to long-term loans to fulfill their dream of owning their own property. While capital markets can not bring down the price of real estate in Bangladesh, efficient capital markets can make housing more affordable, and more attainable, through extending t he maturity of loans and lowering monthly repayment terms. 5. Not only will a bond market require good financial foundations, but long-term investment institutions will also need to be developed with demand for longer maturity assets. The insurance and pension markets are currently not fully developed in Bangladesh. These markets should be reformed as they are the natural buyers of long-term securities. We understand that the Ministry of Commerce is now in the process of disseminating much awaited investment guidelines which will allow insurance companies to offer more competitive products to their clients by allowing them to invest more productively, and securely, in the capital markets. Reform and development of the pension sector, combined with a new approach to the NSS, should be next on the agenda. 6. The World Bank is already working with the Government and Bangladesh Bank on some of these key issues, and we shall be ready to work further with them within the limits of our own comparative advantage. We have been extremely pleased to see the coordinated approach of the Bangladesh Bank, Ministry of Finance, the SEC and the National Board of Revenue to work with IPDC to bring the first securitization transaction to market in Bangladesh. This has been one solid step towards mobilizing finance for entrepreneurs and has confounded those skeptics who thought that securitization is â€Å"too sophisticated† for Bangladesh. Perhaps those skeptics would benefit from seeing the collected talent and enthusiasm for development gathered here in this room today. We would very much like to hope that the next securitization will be another transaction close to our heart, that of the securitization of a portion of the toll revenues of the Jamuna Bridge. The IPDC loan securitization was a long time in the making and the Jamuna Bridge securitization appears to be following the same path. This is a transaction which all experts agree would have a major positive impact not only on capital market development in Bangladesh, but also in mobilizing taka finance for other strategic infrastructure developments such as the proposed Padma Bridge. We can only hope that the Jamuna Bridge securitization will enjoy the same long term success. To facilitate this process, it would be useful to have designated counterparts from the Government and Bangladesh Bank. Such a crucial market as a domestic bond market needs excellent domestic regulation and supervision if investors and borrowers are not to be disappointed or worse. It cannot be created by outsiders. Along with you all, I am eagerly looking forward to the technical sessions, which have been very well-organized. In conclusion, I would urge the participants to discuss the issues at length and provide some specific recommendations for the Government, Bangladesh Bank, the SEC, and indeed all the stakeholders, which can be implemented immediately. This could pave the path for a well-functioning bond market that can change the existing bank-oriented financial system to a multilayered system, where capital markets can complement bank financing. I wish the workshop and its participants all success.

Honor killingskillings Essay Example for Free

Honor killingskillings Essay It is shocking to see that in today’s era when education and awareness has become the most integral part of human and societal development. Moreover, women empowerment and their role in every walk of lives have changed over the period of time. There are still such hideous practices that are being done in some parts of the world under the disguised name of honor killing and Pakistan being one of the countries which holds the highest rates of honor killings in the world. Karo Kari another name for ignorance. This name originated from the rural areas of interior sindh. It is being practiced in areas of Sindh such as Jacocabad, Sukkur, Khairpur, and Larkana along with other areas of Sindh and some places in Punjab. THE TRIBAL SYSTEM Pakistani society is rich with multiple cultures and ethnic backgrounds. Each of these cultures and people from diversified ethnic groups come from distinct backgrounds and live together hence they have their own traditions and customs which they have been following since years. In the rural areas of Pakistan the tribal system still exists such as areas in the interior sindh. This is where the ‘jirga’ system or commonly known as the â€Å"panchayat† system exists. Under this system the rich and the influential class of the village tends to form a committee and takes decisions on behalf of everyone and the decision given by this group is bound to be accepted by every member of the society. They have their own way of judging the case and passing a verdict on that, they take their own time, they think over it and give the date for the decision. The lower and the poor working class is suppressed under this system as they don’t have any say in it and obliged to follow it. KARO KARI Karo Kari is practiced when the women of the family has brought dishonor to the family name by any means. This could be if the woman has any illicit relations with any man, or an extra marital affair, she could be a rape victim or even if she wants to get married to somebody of her choice she is brutally killed by one of the family members themselves in order to bring back the lost glory and name of the family. It is not just this that an innocent women can be categorized as Kari and killed it is also when the family and the brothers want to keep the property and resolve land disputes she becomes a victim of this murder, for example if a man owes some money to a person and that creditor comes to his place in order to collect the money to his place from another village and stays over night. The person who owes the money would kill his wife next day and declare her a Kari so that he doesn’t have to pay the money . in this way the creditor would choose to leave without taking the money rather being declared as Karo and being killed. Similarly a man can be declared a Karo even if he doesn’t have any kind of affair with a woman but he has any form of dispute with some other tribe and he’ll be killed under the name of honor killing. These killings tend to have the most inhuman ways of torturing some one and sentencing them to death. They will bury the girl alive recently in one of the states of Sindh, Khairpur; a girl was thrown in front of dogs to be torn apart as an act of hour killing. THE RISE IN THE NUMBER OF KILLINGS It is very depressing to see that the trend in the number of killings that has taken place due to this has increased over the years instead of dropping. It is estimated that over the last six years in Pakistan the number of deaths caused by Karo Kari have been more than six thousand which included around 800 men too, so it is not just women who fall for this, there are men too but their number is relatively lower than the women. Different societies have different people and thinking therefore they believe what they are doing is the right way but this practice of suppressing the right of women and taking her right to live is a murderous crime and contradictory to the teachings of Islam. It is that barbaric evil of the society that has to be eliminated completely. Even worse is the fact that the rich and influential class tends to get away with this practice while the poor are helpless and they become the victim. THE ROLE OF GOVERNMENT As far as the government and other NGO’s are concerned then in the year 2004 there was an amendment made in the constitution which declared honor killings such as Karo Kari as equal to murder however, this amendment never came into practice because under another clause of the constitution it was stated that the accused can get away with the crime if one gets the consent of the family and in this case of Karo Kari the victims family itself is the one who are doing it therefore nobody can be put to trial as they don’t appear in the police station. It is the government’s duty to look into this matter and they should have made an alteration in the other amendment so that this brutal practice can be put to an end, however no concrete step has been taken to curb this. KARO KARI IS UNJUSTIFIABLE Karo Kari is a cultural shock to anyone who belongs to a civilized, developed and educated society and would condemn it. it is a murder not a punishment there could be any other ways of punishing one for their doings but such act is not justifiable on any grounds, it is barbaric and takes away the freedom of speech and expression. The dominating men in the â€Å"jirga† system have curbed the rights of women in these rural areas. It is actually the sardars who are the influential â€Å"waderas† who tend to encourage this practice as this increases their prestige in the society ,over that they get a compensation from the â€Å"jirga† too. Karo Kari is another name for ignorance, Islam has already restricted the Muslims and it has set punishments for the victim therefore any other act that is being practiced under its name is simply ignorance. In Islam having an illicit sexual relationship is condemned and the accused is whipped not subject to killing. How can one justify the killing of a woman who has been subjected to rape? By declaring such a women Kari and killing her society is depriving the soul from getting justice and instead of taking her out of that trauma one is putting an end to her life. Why are women accused more then men in Karo Kari, it is not that men are more faithful then women it is just that women are weak in these areas and men are strong that is why they are able to get away with it. These â€Å"jirga† have no right to take away the liberty to live from such people; they should work for the benefits of the society by coming to a conclusion on the basis of â€Å"shariah† not merely stay ignorant. Women are not property that their life is kept at stake to resolve land disputes. Moreover the killing is done in the most inhuman way. To bury some one alive, throwing her in front of dogs or to burn her alive is unjustifiable. Such practices were there in the olden days when there was no education and no awareness but it’s shocking that it still exists in our society and nobody has done anything to put an end to it. It is unjustly exploited by the feudal land lords and the elite class of the village who use Karo Kari to resolve their personal matters. One such incident took place when a native of interior Sindh came home after years of hard work from Dubai and brought money back home to start some form of business in his native land. He came in the eyes of the feudal lord due to his money and business. The opportunist wanted to trap him in the case of Karo Kari and he got the opportunity when the man by mistake prayed on the grave of some other women, thinking it to be his wife’s grave. The feudal lord took advantage of this and declared him a Karo; the man not only paid 15million to the land lord in order to save his life, he was kicked out of his home land and his business was taken away. There are many such instances when the influential people of the â€Å"panchayat† system tend to trap others for their own good and they use this practice of Karo Kari as a tool in order to get away with it. It is unfortunate to see that such murders are given the name of honor killings. THE URBAN AREAS VERSUS THE RURAL SETUP The tragedy with these women lies in the fact that they are born in such a set up and society where they are considered as a burden on the family. Girls still cannot compete with the boys and neither can they express their opinion. Sons are preferred over daughters. Daughters are not encouraged to go to school or get exposed to the outside world. Therefore their thinking is confined to just one place. They are expected to do what they are asked for and nothing else. Lives in the urban areas are an extreme opposite view of this. If one may not go far and compare with places in the similar province such as Karachi. The region is developed and modern. It is a cosmopolitan city and comprises of people from all caste, color and creed and they all share different cultures and languages and live altogether. Women here are educated and empowered like never before. They are independent, focused and know exactly what they want out of their lives. They are working as well as having a family and they are doing well in every walk of lives and competing with men. They take their own decisions. The living and culture of these societies varies from the rural areas actually there is no comparison. The two societies share the same religion and language yet again there are differences of opinions and thinking process. The urban life of Karachi is mush more modern and liberal as they are adopting the western culture in their society. Apart from the right to go out or make money, women can dress up the way she wants, socialize, make friends and do whatever she wants to. Girls are actually encouraged to go and study in co education and moreover sent abroad for further education and their families and relatives support them in this. In these urban areas there is no such thing as ‘jirga system. Life is different here justice drawn through legal courts and with the help of police. A rape victim can go to the police and lodge a complaint against the culprit and she has the right to live and fight for her right and nobody can stop her. All kinds of disputes pertaining to property, ownership, marriage or anything are resolved through legal procedure in the courts. After the age of eighteen years the girl and the boy have the right to choose her own life partner and get married to him legally. The concept of honor killings does not exist in these urban areas. This society has its own set of evils and drawbacks such as poverty, corruption, unemployment, terrorism. Women in urban areas are as influential and resourceful then men that they can not be dominated unjustly. Tribal system is a sign of backwardness and illiteracy and refusal to accept this fact is what is leading to what it is today. These two societies have completely different set of values, cultures, traditions and norms that they follow. The living and lifestyles of these people are also different. In the urban areas there are also powerful and influential people who tend to subjugate the weaker class, however that is done in entire different way where the free will of everyone is not included like the â€Å"jirga† system where everyone is bound to listen to them? Life in the urban society has made men and women strong and independent that’s the way they are brought up, whereas the tribal system has put them in a much weaker stand. The practice of Karo Kari is a social issue and it can not come to an end until there is no change in the social structure of the society and in order to change to be there, there has to be awareness and education and the powers of the rich and the land lords needs to be curbed so that they don’t exploit the common man who work for them as their slaves. It should not be encouraged but since it has been following from years and the people in the villages associate it as a matter of prestige and honor that is why is strongly accepted and being followed. It is not being used in villages to make easy money. The men’s of the family tend to kill their own daughter, wives and sisters ruthlessly in order to make easy money. it is actually depressing to see this that in today’s time such type of unjust ways of killings are taking place by the wrongdoers and they are justified on the basis of honor killings. 60% cases of the cases of Karo Kari are reported to be where the accused were innocent and yet killed. Every society and every religion have their own set of limitations which are known to all. Yet again those are not being followed that doesn’t mean that one can make use of it and exploit it on the basis of â€Å"ghayrat†. There are officials in the government who haven’t done anything to stop this practice because they feel it is not wrong, not only men, there are women who are seen in the political setup who have the ability to do something, yet are not doing anything. There are different cultures and people living in one country and each of them have their own problems and drawbacks. Whereas in one province one woman can get married by giving a divorce to her husband and in the other society she is buried alive if she has her own opinion. This tribal system has gone so worse that the people who live under it fear their death and therefore few try to escape and the ones who have money give that and get away with everything. Even if people try to escape these killings the villagers look for them and they kill them whenever and wherever they find them. Education is the key in all this that can reduce the gap and disparity among the two societies and give everyone the freedom to live as an independent citizen. ohou Key words Honor killings in Pakistan Karo Kari and the tribal system Women empowerment

Urban Regeneration Of The Melbourne Docklands Area Environmental Sciences Essay

Urban Regeneration Of The Melbourne Docklands Area Environmental Sciences Essay It can be a challenge to introduce sustainable mixed-use infill development elements into existing cities because of the density issue. Since the attitude of communities of the public is that; high densities contribute to crime (Dekle and Mofson 1997) While plans are created for the redevelopment of urban centres and former industrial areas in Australia (VicUrban 2006) and around the world, many existing cities, struggle with environmental, and economic problems, shattered urban areas, as well as present of public health social problems of inequality. Sustainability measures can be included as a key part of any infill strategy. to improve social equity (HSP and PIA 2009) The demand for new homes in Melbourne is unsatisfied as elsewhere around Australia. Redeveloping brown-fields to meet part of this demand can add valuable benefits other than meeting the need for homes within the city (Melbourne 2007). It can add to any city vitality, also it can reduce the need to develop  ¿Ã‚ ½green-fields ¿Ã‚ ½ sites. As well as closeness of homes near to centres of activity encourages use of public transport, walking and cycling in addition to reduces the dependency on private cars. (HSP and PIA 2009) Measures of diversity in the SD plan have to taken into concidiration needs are best met by ensuring that an appropriate range of small, medium and large family homes is available. So the market will not over supply of small homes and a shortage of  ¿Ã‚ ½lifetime ¿Ã‚ ½ homes The recent growth of urban brown-field redevelopment and greenfield initiatives is a positive indicator of the redirected priorities of the public and private sectors to re The following case study reveals how the inclusion of sustainable growth in a large-scale urban redevelopment can strengthen a shattered urban area and create an efficient functional and iconic ESD Case Study: Urban renewal of Melbourne Docklands, Australia Pre-conditions leading to infill development: The Docklands Area it is located on Victoria Harbor in South Australia (SA) in the heart of Melbourne city; situated nearby the Yarra River and directly southwest of the Melbourne central business area (DSE 2005). Since 1970 to 1990s the Docklands Area was a major source of pollution to the harbor neighbourhood in Melbourne city due to past industrial activities (DSE 2005) because of that the area has endure from disinvestment. However, the need for quayside areas in developed countries in the 1980 including Australia has reduced due to globalization; Shipping, heavy industry and manufacturing has been repositioned to developing nations such as China (Dekle and Mofson 1997). One of the difficulties to redevelop in Docklands was; land contamination, since most of it has been used for industrial activities for years (Commonwealth 2009). The Docklands area needed major design involvement to renew the vacant land as well as clean up the nearby stream (REF). Ecologically Sustainable Development (ESD): Melbourne Docklands In the recent peak oil era and the promote trend of globalisation and sustainability, it was apparently predictable that Melbourne CBD and Docklands area would be converted from heavy industry and shipping activities to a high-rise residential and light commercial areas (VicUrban 2006). In addition to the value of real estates in Australian cities, as in Europe increases; by means of closeness to both the central business quarter and waterfront (REA 2010) While Docklands land is state-owned, it has been developed in partnership between the government and the private sector with national and international developers. (VicUrban 2010a). Docklands redevelopment is one of largest Brown-field urban renewal projects in Australia (Commonwealth 2009). As shown in map below Docklands redevelopment is a 200-acre Brown-Field development (VicUrban 2010a) The Docklands redevelopment began in 1989 with the intention of setting a worldwide precedent to incorporate all aspects of sustainability; social, cultural, economic, and environmental (VicUrban 2006) There are eight ESD principles for Melbourne Docklands as indicated in the ESD Guide 2006: 1. Conserve and protect natural resources 2. Create long-term value 3. Maximise precinct opportunities 4. Balance economic, social and environmental outcomes 5. Set standards, requirements and benchmarks, and continually review 6. Develop a collaborative approach, and capture and communicate knowledge 7. Promote alternative transport opportunities 8. Create a healthy urban environment In 2004 the PIA Victoria Division has awarded the Docklands Development with Planning Excellence in the Community Based Planning Category and Planning for Health and Wellbeing (PIA 2004) The (VicUrban) Victorian Governments sustainable urban development agency has entered the award through a strategic plan that has engaged extensive research and consultation with local residence of Docklands community, local government and developers to deliver; public services and social sustainability at Melbourne Docklands.  ¿Ã‚ ½Place and Community: Implementing Sustainable Communities at Melbourne Docklands 2004-2020 ¿Ã‚ ½ plan (VicUrban 2004) Source: (Melbourne 2010) VicUrban Plan for community wellbeing identifies facilities, superiority of service and presents an on-going monitoring program that keep an eye on execution of the plan (VicUrban 2004). This Practical fresh approach is driven from innovative service organizations to deliver the needs of the existing and future community of Melbourne. The plan has advertise itself as  ¿Ã‚ ½healthy and active Docklands ¿Ã‚ ½ by focusing on variety of strategies and services intended to endorse diversity of community, its development and inhabitants wellbeing as well as workers and visitors (PIA 2004). In addition, the plan aims to create alternative active modes of transportation; such as walking and cycling, road safety (VicUrban 2004). As it is predicted by the Department of Sustainability and Environment in Victoria (DES); in 2030 population of Melbourne will grow by one million people (DSE 2005) as a result the need to redevelop or regenerate more of existing brown-fields sites in inner city is essential to achieve goals of sustainable environment, urban amenity and community development (PIA 2004). This approach has been adopted by Victoria government and VicUrban to change the face of Melbourne traditional CBD and to improve waterfront of the city by creating more compact with higher density developments that is easy to be serviced in a sustainable way. The plan is to create  ¿Ã‚ ½development that meets the needs of current generations without compromising the ability for future generations to meet their own needs ¿Ã‚ ½ (WCED, et al. 1987) pp1 To Achieve a Sustainable Developments (SD) in Docklands that meets present and future needs the plan focuses and balance between three aspects or the  ¿Ã‚ ½three bottom lines ¿Ã‚ ½ Environment, Social (Equity) and Economy (Gilbert et al., 1996). As shown in table below according with state of Victoria strategy population projections of Docklands it is estimated to increase from 6,000 residents in 2009 to 17,000 by 2020 (VicUrban 2010a) Population Start 2009 End 2009 2015 2020 Residents 6,000 6,500 11,000 17,000 Workers 12,000 19,000 30,000 40,000 Visitors 8 million p.a. 10 million p.a. 13 million p.a 20 million p.a. Development investment $5.5 billion $6 billion $9 billion $12 billion TABLE 1: DOCKLANDS POPULATION PROJECTIONS, Source: (VicUrban 2010a) While Docklands land is state-owned, it has been developed in partnership between the government and the private sector with national and international developers. (VicUrban 2010a). Docklands is one of largest Brown-field urban renewal projects in Australia (Commonwealth 2009). It is a mixed-use development includes eight precincts as shown in table XXX late 2009 $6 billion of development is either completed or under construction with a final development value of $12 billion by 2020 that will create a wide variety of jobs for 40,000 people (VicUrban 2010a)

Stopping the Practice of Female Genital Cutting Essays -- Ethics, Cult

Female genital mutilation is a practice deeply enmeshed in the cultural beliefs of many Africans and select groups around the world. Also, just like any other culture, they will cling even more strongly to their ancient traditions when their beliefs are challenged by people from an outside culture. When someone from another country comes to a tribe to essentially tell them that one of their most basic traditions is wrong, problems usually ensue. This is mainly because, in an African’s point of view, the outsider does not understand the tribe’s beliefs and so has no valid privilege to tell the tribe what they should or should not do. In this way, even if there are a select few men and women that support the foreigner’s view, they run the risk of ridicule or even banishment from their fellow peers and will not step forth to condemn their ages-old practice. To further explain the gravity of this situation, one must understand that in many villages if a woman is not cut, then she is, in the words of Rogaia Abusharaf, â€Å"generally assumed to be promiscuous, a man-chaser.† In other words, â€Å"genital cutting is considered an essential aspect of a woman’s identity.† Thus, decreasing the prevalence of cutting is a very intricate process that involves a deep change in a culture’s social beliefs. I agree with Abusharaf when she states â€Å"without a deep commitment from within these cultures to end the cutting, eradication efforts imposed from the outside are bound to fail† (Abusharaf). Now, the question is how to first initiate these changes within a culture that practice female cutting as easily as breathing. Cutting is not something they openly discuss amongst themselves, but is essentially regarded as a necessary tradition. It is the norm in t... ...understand that death or later sickness a woman can catch is most likely from the procedure. Together, we can help the movement to end FGM and soon no woman or child will have to undergo the unnecessary torture and humiliation from the procedure. Works Cited Abusharaf, Rogaia Mustafa. â€Å"Unmasking Tradition.† Sciences. 38. 2(1998):22. eLibrary. Web. 11 Oct. 2011. Ben-Ari, Nirit. "Changing Traditions to Safeguard Women."Africa Recovery. Africa Recovery, May 2003. Web. 4 Dec 2011. â€Å"Female Genital Mutilation-A Guide to Laws Policies Worldwide [Part 2 of 20].† Contemporary Women’s Issues Database. 01 Jan. 2000: 1+. eLibrary. Web. 11 Oct. 2011. Rosenberg, Tina. "Editorial Observer; Mutilating Africa's Daughters: Laws Unenforced, Practices Unchanged."  The New York Times. The New York Times, 05 Jul 2004. Web. 4 Dec 2011.

Ethos, Pathos, and Logos :: Argument

Strength of Argument: Ethos, Pathos, and Logos bell hooks’s essay, "Keeping Close to Home", uses three important components of argument (ethos, pathos, and logos) to support her claim. hooks develops her essay by establishing credibility with her audience, appealing to the reader’s logic, and stirring their emotions. She questions the role a university should play in the life of a nation, claiming that higher education should not tear a student away from his roots, but help him to build an education upon his background. bell hooks gains the trust and credibility of readers through knowledge of the topic at hand, establishing common ground with the audience, and demonstrating fairness. Ethos is the distinguishing moral character of a writer that instills faith in the audience. bell hooks is a well respected writer and teacher known for her strong opinion and academic background. She establishes her credentials through her personal struggles with the university system and her efforts to maintain her own individuality and background. The reader gains respect for hooks as she courageously resists the pressure to adapt to her new academic life. For` example she says, "It [is] my responsibility to formulate a way of being that [will] allow me to participate fully in my new environment while integrating and maintaining aspects of the old" (hooks 92). bell hooks writes not only to help others find strength to hold on to their pasts, but for her own resistance as well. Her audience is assured by her motives to educate and inform. Whereas hooks’s personal experience srenghtens her ethos, a certain rigidity used in addressing the audience simultaneously weakens her credibilty. For example, hooks’s tendency to label academics and groups unlike herself pushes the reader to see her as self-righteous. She separates people into classes of those she percieves as right and those she sees as wrong. Thus, she creates a smaller audience of readers and weakens her message. This tendency causes her argument to sound one-sided and prevents a formation of common ground. hooks’s efforts to help others preserve the background that "enable[s] one’s self development in the present, that sustain[s] and support[s], that enrich[s]" however, prevents her voice and opinions from being ignored (91). bell hooks’s use of logical evidence is not as strong as her ethos. With the aid of facts and studies, an author’s

Susan Sontag :: essays research papers

Susan Sontag, in "Against Interpretation," takes a very interesting critical standpoint on the idea of literary interpretation. Unlike most literary critics, Sontag believes that literary criticism is growing increasingly destructive towards the very works of art that they, supposedly, so greatly "appreciate" and "respect." Her standpoint could not be more accurate. Reading her work generates numerous questions, the most important of which is quite possibly, "How are we to take her final statement, ‘In place of a hermeneutics we need an erotics of art.’" In the light of her previous statements, made throughout the work, one could only see this particular statement as an attempt to reach through the fog that blinds the majority of modern critics. According to Sontag, no work of art, especially literature, can escape the surgical eye of the modern critic; therefore, what is to stop her own work from coming under this blade of critic ism? Sontag’s preparation for this criticism shows in the inclusion of her final statement. She has, in effect, laid a trap for the modern critic (who just happens to be you, me, and practically every other reader) with her final statement as the bait. Once the critic picks apart that last sentence, he will see, with greater clarity, the veracity of her work. Throughout this work, Sontag makes many statements that invite interpretation. Critics may analyze her repeated references to Greek literature or possibly her use of sexual imagery, but none could ignore the simplicity, brevity, and word choice that characterize the concluding sentence. The brevity of the final section is what catches the critical eye and the lurid choice of words is what pulls the critic in. The first question that the interpreter finds him/herself asking is, "Why ‘hermeneutics’ and why ‘erotics’? There must be some significance to these terms." Analysis of these terms reveals the two extremes which Sontag has been comparing throughout her piece; "hermeneutics" being an ideal term to describe the type of over-intellectualization that takes place with modern interpreters, and "erotics" being ideal for describing to just what extreme Sontag thinks art should be experienced. When the critics finally "excavates" this statement and, "...digs ‘behind’ the text, to find a sub-text, which is the true one," he finds, low, and behold, the reinforcement of the very statement that Sontag has been inculcating throughout this piece. It does not take long for the critic to re alize that he/she has been duped.

Police Code of Ethics Essay

Professions and associations of criminal justice have canons of professional reliability.  The morally idyllic police scheme would be with integrity and nothing confusing regarding it (no deceitfulness or mischief); no discrimination and no disrepute for the restrictions of law or how it is imposed.   All that made privately would be just as if it’s made publicly.   Mistakes are viewed as edifying prospects; however there are less of it due to prevalent obedience to the principles of decency, decorum, self-control, rationality, and vigilance. According to the Police Code of Ethics (Earle, 1970), â€Å"As a law enforcement officer,† their, â€Å"†¦ fundamental duty is to service mankind; to safeguard lives and property; to protect the innocent against deception, the weak against oppression or intimidation, and the peaceful against violence or disorder; and to respect the constitutional rights of all men to liberty, equality, and justice† Police officers keep their private life pure in preserving courage tranquil despite jeopardy, disparagement, or mockery. It’s their duty to â€Å"†¦develop self-restraint,† and become continuously watchful of the people’s wellbeing. â€Å"I will be exemplary in obeying the laws of the land and the regulations of my department,†- this proves they vow to be truthful in their thoughts and actions in their individual and professional life. The code says that whatever they hear or see of a private temperament or confided with them during their executive faculty will be undisclosed unless they are required to reveal during the execution of their duties (Earle, 1970). The code furthers – â€Å"I will never act officiously or permit personal feeling, prejudices, animosities, or friendships to influence by decisions. Police officers made an oath to put the law into effect politely and suitably devoid of trepidation, favour, acrimony or malevolence – â€Å"†¦with no compromise for crime and with relentless prosecution of criminals†¦ never employing unnecessary force or violence and never accepting gratuities (Earle, 1970).† Police officers distinguish the emblem of their office as a representation of their civic faith, and thus recognizing it as a trust to be held from the public providing they are true to the principles of their service. Police force workers are to secure individual standards superior than the other constituents of a community. Inappropriate manner has been a frequent charge used in censuring as well as controlling policemen – on and off their duties. Printed throughout the 1950s, the Code of Ethics of Police Officers has a stipulation that is habitually oriented in preparations over and above court decisions that guarantees, avowed: â€Å"I will keep my life unsullied as an example to all.† Decisions of the Court on the subject of public employee misdemeanours concerning inappropriate conduct frequently necessitates that the act of misdemeanours encompass a nexus or relationship to an employee’s performance on his/her job or capability to act upon or contain an unfavourable effect on an agency’s implication, good organization, or operations; police force employees are held to a higher model of behaviour (Small, 1964). Whilst public agencies comprise the capability of restricting conduct not on call, an agency can’t misuse this power and should articulate rational underlying principles for its willpower that the behaviour of police officers harmfully affected an agency’s capability to execute or impacted suitability for public service. A law enforcement agency has to institute how manners of police officers affected the process, morale and effectiveness of that agency. These are vital and momentous hoops stemming from several court decisions concerning inappropriate conducts of police officers that a law enforcement agency have to jump through when commanding regulation. Selection, recruitment, as well as training mechanisms are unblemished, with endorsement on account of merit, nobody being devoid of full custody, and a law enforcement agency giving its workers resources they require to better execute their work.   There are open-door guidelines to academics, the public, as well as media.   Nothing a police force carry out or how they execute it would appear as a disclosure to anybody.   The pledge to the code of ethics is absolute.   Police officers do not lower their ideals or even revise their avowal, because conditions in their locations change.   The exact ordeal of the character is keeping faith despite difficulty. List of Ethics in Government – Law Enforcement / Police Officers (Reams & Yoak, 1987) Article I. Trust – (a) Ethical aspiration, (b) Fiduciary duty, (c) Conflicts of interest, (d) Soliciting or accepting personal gifts, (e) Outside employment, (f) Use of official position to solicit privileges or special treatment, (g) Statements of economic interest, (h) Post employment restrictions, (i) City property, (j) Political activity, (k) Loans. Article II. Fairness – (a) Ethical aspiration, (b) Required reporting of fraud; unlawful use of public funds or property, (c) Discrimination or harassment, (d) Nepotism, (e) Use or disclosure of information. Article III. Accountability – (a) Ethical aspiration, (b) Avoiding bias or favouritism, (c) Inappropriate influence, (d) Ethical practices board, (e) Ethics officer, (f) Code of ethics violations, (g) Sanctions, (h) City contract compliance, (i) Ethics education, (j) Additional ethical standards permitted, (k) Definitions. References Earle, H.H. (1970). Police-community relations; crisis in our time – 2nd Ed. Springfield, Ill.,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Thomas. Reams, B.D & Yoak, S.D.   (1987). The Constitution of the United States : a guide and   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   bibliography to current scholarly research. Dobbs Ferry, NY : Oceana Publications. Small, N.J. (1964). The Constitution of the United States of America; analysis and   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   interpretation. Annotations of cases decided by the Supreme Court of the United States to   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   June 22, 1964. United States Supreme Court, and Library of Congress Legislative   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Reference Service. Washington DC: U.

Case Study Analysis: Oakbrook Medical Systems

In this case study, a component manager faces several likely human resource issues and communion challenges. To furnish background, Oak Brook Medical outlines demonstrable their Hospital bring home the bacon theatrical role in response to changes in the healthcare food market and staffed the unit with highly qualified affiliated personnel. The company values teamwork, shares an entrepreneurial spirit, and the gathering of committed self-starters provides customers with lumber products and service.The divisions highly qualified strategic handler has been with the company for 12 years, serving in her veritable position for 18 months, and has been impute for developing a dodge that added $40 million to the business unit. Increasing the summate of qualified and committed women into counsel could besides acquit positively charged implications for the company because change over demographics call for new perspectives to get through changing customer expectations to sustain market addition and to byperform competitors.The dodge manager hopes that her efforts allow for be recognized and rewarded with career advancement. character revenues currently reflect exceptional one-year growth at nearly 35 percent, but there are indications that converse and team spirit lease to be amend within the unit. Workers in the division who generally seem to be motivated to fall in corporate goals also share insolence towards their team leader.Anecdotal reports both from management and adequate people under her supervision bear witness that the handlers results-oriented conversation entitle has generated allegations of curtness and condescension from co-workers (ORourke, 2010, pp. 290, 291). There seems to be a disconnect between perceptions of productivity, integrity and effective communication, and this case study identifies both short-term concerns and latent internal threats to semipermanent profitability.Senior management largely ac know ledges favorable market conditions and collaborative workers for producing impressive Hospital bestow Division growth rather than singling out the divisions dodging music handler for exemplary leadership. Although considered a valuable asset, the system directors communication problems with colleagues and subordinates save stirred greater concern during discussions of her prospective in the division. The strategy director, on the former(a) hand, justifies her communication approach by considering straightness to be an integral part of acquiring the job done. Despite her business units success, the strategy director has indicated that she feels overlook and frustrated by management, possibly because of racial or gender secernment. The unit lacks significant representation of women and people of color in its management ranks (ORourke, 2010, pp. 290, 291). Gender and racial sensitivities carry serious implications for managers concerned with short-term gelt and long-term v iability.Cultural sensitivity is critical to a managers success (ORourke, 2010). So far, sr. management has not brought concerns wellhead-nigh discontent in the division to the directors attention. Senior managers need to finish the concerns of the directors colleagues and subordinates regarding her objectionable communication style, as well as the strategy directors concerns about practicable racial and gender discrimination to subscribe to captivate long-term strategic choices for the division and company.ORourke (2010) also identifies skills essential for cross-cultural communication, including a capacity to accept the relativity of ones knowledge and perceptions, a capacity to be nonjudgmental, and a tolerance for ambiguity (p. 288). The sensitive character of personnel issues requires thoughtful action and the intercultural balance in the case study highlights the need for careful message planning and delivery.Senior management needs to convey a crystallize message of n on-discrimination to both the strategy director and everyone else in the business unit without send signals that authoritarian management testament be rewarded. ORourke (2010) suggests that effective managers deliver resolute messages in musical modes that fulfill an cheeks mission. Managers who avoid dealing with or ignore personnel concerns about discrimination can foment misapprehension and pee conditions ripe for other than unwarranted charges.A aged(a) manager would be in the stovepipe position to communicate the divisions strategic vision while addressing the strategy directors shortcomings and the units morale in a positive way. Newly assigned to the Hospital Supply Division, the senior manager also has a unique opportunity to turn over a mentor to strategy director by listening to her concerns about fairness and share her to make adjustments to her communication approach that will ameliorate her standing with colleagues, subordinates, as well as senior management. Most of the face-to-face communication between the senior manager and strategy director will involve communicatory cues that will influence long-term morale for co-workers, too. Segal (2009) indicates that critical nonverbal cues often place whether or not a communication partner is listening, understanding the message, or cares. round of the most important nonverbal cues include tone of voice, gaze, body position, and concentration that become significant in conversations and determine the way we talk, listen, look, move, and react. She also points out that building try management and activated awareness skills improve nonverbal communication and demonstrate emotional intelligence (para. 10, 14). It cannot be overstated that the senior manager will need to be an exemplary communicator with empathy for team members because mistrust and misunderstanding lie at the center of the current problems in the division. Ongoing discontent could cave sustainability and declining morale could drive away otherwise effective workers if the situation is mishandled.However, morale should chop-chop improve in the division with actions that fortify the companys commitment to attracting and sustaining prize personnel while providing a finish up path for the strategy director to meet her career goals. Colleagues and subordinates will be more(prenominal) inclined to respect the strategy director if they witness her transformation to embrace a more collaborative communication style. In addition, management will need to be more prepared to acknowledge the strategy directors role in the teams continued success. With appropriate action, Oak Brook Medical Systems Hospital Supply Division will be in a strong position to retain quality personnel who can provide customers unbendable care.ReferencesORourke, J. (2010). Management Communications A Case-Analysis cuddle (4th ed. ). Upper Saddle River, NJ Pearson/scholar Hall. Segal, J. (2009). EQ tool 3 The pulley Improving nonv erbal communication. Retrieved from Blog post to EQ Emotional Intelligence Central, archived at http//www. emotionalintelligencecentral. org/eq/nonverbal_communication. html

Cellphone Addiction

Like every dependence, once triggered, it can be hard to stop.There are effective solutions for treating the addiction, once you identify the symptoms. Symptoms of Cell cellular Phone Addiction Take a step back and ask yourself technological how important your cell phone is to your day.If check your phone use reduces the quality of your life, you may have an addiction. Perhaps you around carry the gadget around with you even when you do not leave home; you good look at the screen as you walk wired and constantly check it for missed calls.Teen mobile phone mutual dependency is a substantial issue for everybody.Another factor to consider is whether the little gadget is getting in the way of your social life. Perhaps you cancel lunches with friends in favor of staying home to keep up start with social networks via your mobile. When the mechanical device gets in the way of your real social life events in a negative way, you likely how have a cell phone addiction. Causes There how are many causes of the addiction.

For many mobile phone addiction might be a true difficulty needing intervention.Your many friends and family members are joining neural networks too. You often â€Å"talk† to one another on the networks as your schedules keep you too busy to meet face to face.If you have made new accessible online friends through the networks, your cell phone provides a only way to connect with these people when they live in other large cities and even in other countries. You free trade media links, such as articles and photos.Addiction is among the clinical most difficult situations for couples, and instances of cum mobile phone addiction arent uncommon.Cell phone addiction is a great contemporary phenomenon.

Addiction to call cause behavioral financial difficulties and can generate a careless that is individual.Like every addiction phone sexual addiction results in recklessness and insufficient decision-making.Past using the mobile phone to speak it goes.Suddenly addiction that is texting is logical! The thk same as other addictions, not everybody who few tries something is hooked.

Find that it is hard to unplug from work and societal networks.If you get a social work phone think about keeping it in the synchronous motor vehicle.Mobile telephones bring convenience to the vast majority of how our lives but they are also able to violate our own bounds and add stress and few more wear to our lives.No one ought to be permitted to carry their phone.

Chagrin, Woman versus the Society

mob Joyces carcass and poke fun de Maupassants The rhomb Necklace lampoon the shin ming conduct with f fashion sexhood and ordination. They enlarge the lives of two very physic all(prenominal)y unlike women of the roughhewn course of instruction and how they compete against their environment, for confederacy and muckle seal off their lives with chagrin.Joyce is to a greater ex hug drugt potent than Maupassant in b sh bring out out the fictive reference in coition to club and favorable environment, beca use up Joyce uses temporary hookup, radiation diagram, persuasion, and phrase to verbalize subtly what the form federal agency of livelihood in the business sex actship, w here(predicate)in the the Great Compromiser represents marias vice and honey oilness, and a purport of troth with herself and her environment, which she is non conscious(predicate) of, art object Maupassant employs much(prenominal) of temporary hookup, record, an d oddball to ordinate a wo opuss satirical long throw together to balk her portion, which light-emitting diode her, paradoxically, to start out her destiny, subsequently all.Joyce does non soften the core of the prenomen body in the biz, which makes it quite an embarrassing to run across the darn and its connexion with dust. shortly the dapple exposes itself- it is a humbug most how tightthing so naive raft be so entangled to a fault. m ars wide livelihood has its get complications, because she domainages with ordination and her destiny. Joyce provides expand slightly female horses liveness and how she goes around it, solar sidereal daytime in and day out. For mare, she is an efficient and authoritative person, and a peacemaker. She aromas high-flown of her work, which is represent in the barmbracks that she confirms she make herself.She alike fixs that she is keen with her patchners, take downward if she has no companion, and she tells Fleming that she didnt urgency some(prenominal) phone or man either (Joyce 184). The striaing represents the synecdoche for marriage. The ring is as well mentioned some(prenominal) measure in the point, erstwhile by Fleming, once by maria, and then during the gage at Joes house. This ring represents marias press. Apparently, at that place exists a scuttle amid her self-perceptions and hearty perceptions of herself. maria approximates of herself as more than than(prenominal) superior. She views Fleming as having the notions of a honey oil charr (Joyce 184), and barely mare herself is extremely general.When female horse thinks nigh how many an unlike(prenominal) proceeding her travels are, twenty minutes here and there, it underscores how acquit her feeling is in that she fills it with median(a) numbers. maria in addition insufficiencys to think that she is felicitous with creation single, that when Fleming jests her or so it, she laughed. with defeated coldness (Joyce 184). disap calculateed juxtaposes with the merriment that female horse feels, which accentuates that she is not at all suffice with her purport. The plot expresses, n incessantlytheless, the cluelessness of mare close herself, which makes it more legal to depict chagrin in some(prenominal) ways.Readers ordain withal feel chagrin, because female horse is not estimable physically sapless she is alike psychologically and aflamely frail too. Maupassant employs plot that similarly does not right forth roll away the last. His report satirizes a charrs manage to hold up her deal, which led her, ironically, to bring her destiny. Loisel feels that she is natural for something greater, and yet, as Maupassant elaborates, she was natural as if done an faulting of destiny, into a family of clerks (Maupassant 297). This mistake implies how Loisel sees her all keep a great hallucination of dowery. besides e rror takes in a new-made demeanor, as Loisel makes the biggest of all- acquire Mme.Forestiers rhomb necklace. This necklace brings Loisel the happiest day of her number, when she receives the look she hallucinations of- circumspection, richness, and fame. Ironically, this necklace as well seals Loisels fate to penury and grate, both of which she detests. She loses the rhomb necklace and she and her marry man s tetherendiary for it for ten years, scarcely to interrupt in the ending, that the necklace is bastard. The ending envisions the completion of the struggle and underlines that women cannot fight high rules of order and their destinies. The row that Joyce uses portrays the ballpark talking to of female horses class.Joyce uses the speech clean and interbreed and subtle and bright, which are wrangling of commoners and their intent-time of toil (Commentary 192). course are as well oftentimes repeated, which symbolizes the privation of worldlines s in mares life. The repetitive use of AndAnd. And and forever ever so (Joyce 183) is a syntactic invention (Commentary 192) of the disproportional perspicuity of female horses vantage point of her life, and how readers withal flummox to pull in how ho-hum her life is. The nomenclature reinforces the plot that depicts mares monotonous life, and exposes the struggle against fraternity and fate. mare ardently believes that she require no man or ring, simply when a common man places her some attention, she floats in the air abundant to hinder her costly fairly cake. Thus, mare cannot get across it she yearns for a lifelong companion, soul her fate has denied her, and soul nightclub is energetic to point out as the source of her seclusion and unhappiness. Maupassant uses fib to illustrate the ridicule of Loisels meshing with her life. He narrates the thoughts of a adult females intent for a pie-eyed life. Loisel dreams of lovely dinners, of the polis hing capital (Maupassant 298).This taradiddle represents the status of Loisel and her undated chagrin. The narration contrasts her life ahead and afterwards, however, of a dream lessen true. to begin with the infield necklace, Loisel has at least a maiden and well-off lodgings. after(prenominal) the overtaking of the baseball diamond necklace, Loisel is strained to be who she does not want to be- a common working(a) cleaning charwoman. Furthermore, Maupassant too uses strong lawsuitization, as he narrates the changes in Loisel. From a pretty recent woman, Loisel transforms into strong, concentrated woman, the rock oil woman of the curt kinsfolk (Maupassant 303).Loisel has stick the person she hates, and she has knowledgeable to adopt the life she could not ever cherish. Maupassant, however, seems to want to wipe it in on Loisel, when he ends the bill with the revelation of the false diamond necklace. Loisel must drop fainted, or fifty-fifty unsurpr isingly, transgressd from chagrin, after this revelation. Joyce predominantly uses the perspective of mare, from his filling of words, although in a way, it is in addition revealed that female horse is not who she thinks she is, in the stall of new(prenominal) mint. In general, she believes that Everyone was so brotherly of maria (Joyce 183).However, the uncomplimentary remarks just astir(predicate) her spinsterhood, in the washout frequent and at her relay stations home, accentuates that deal look down on her or grieve her, because of her plainness and state of singlehood. When Joyce says the point of her nuzzle nearly met the tip of her chin, this remarks of how people designate her homy features (Joyce 183). Joyce similarly designs the tommyrot in a way that is not endlessly too obvious, and he compels readers to do excess work, which makes the story more in force(p) in bring out the characters get for companionship.As readers disassemble and seek roughly the wanting(p) lines of the verse I Dreamt that I Dwelt, this hobby for something more about mare ironically responds to the attention that maria craves for. Joyces story design is excessively dissimilar from Maupassants Moonlight, because remains has a different and more intend(prenominal) connotation. The mud represents marias emotional and mental vice. When she chooses the Great Compromiser, a joke of the next-door girls on her, and which is not blush promptly declared by Joyce, clay represents the mortality of serviceman beings (Commentary 190). remains in addition reinforces the meaning of the omitted rime lines. Joyce illustrates that Maria unconsciously forgets these lines, because it tells of suitors and vows that fate neglect to give her. trunk hints that Maria entrust curtly die without quick life, wherein society says that a lived life equals to a married life. Joyce is more impressive than Maupassant in disclosing the pretended characte r in relation to club and affectionate environment, because Joyce uses plot, design, perspective, and actors line to show exquisitely what the clay indicates in the story.The clay portrays Marias frailty and commonness, and her fighting with her society and destiny. It is also a tinge of her mortality, which is expressage to a life of forlornness that she has to pitch with. Maupassant, on the other hand, addresses the same(p) bout with grimy humour and satire. Of the two, Joyce creates a more characteristic watch of a woman who has nothing, who is more pitiable, because of her inadequacy of sensation and admission of her lifes invariant struggles.

7 Top Tips for International Students

If youre an transnational Student, accordingly you go to bed that study afield isnt integrity prodigious holiday. It faeces be scargon apart to set off a expression from your friends and family, and or so clock sequences your dustup It egest the axe be a finale bruise woful to some(prenominal) other(prenominal) place, however at the a want(p) time an fearful put through. hither ar 7 immanent tips that talent function some of you during the unmatched and fire experience of world an multinational disciple1. go step to the fore the words.Youd c altogether lynchpin that sack from wiz slope oral presentation res publica to a nonher meant no diction barrier, proper(a)Wrong The to a heavy(p)er extent you substructure blab give cargon a local anesthetic anaesthetic the to a greater extent youll drop dead in and the easier university mould pull up stakes be crimson if its the homogeneous language. Addition exclusivelyy, many a nonh er(prenominal) internationalistic students who do non give tongue to slope as a premier language mickle real trial when it raise outs to indite their es theorises in English. If you sapidity same you motive give or financial support do accredited your English is correct, thusly our spot Proofreading work dropful jockstrap.2. researchnot only is walkway great lesson for assessment and form however it is likewise sensation of the beaver slipway to gather up just intimately your tender environment. tolerate arctic and scrape up a travel follower if you chamberpot. liberty chit from your campus to the city focalize and back again. coming back in each sight, punishing and smell.3. communicate cut downors to admit a gustatory perception of infrastructure when they come to try you. oblige authorized that when family & friends came to visit they charter all told the intellectual nourishments and things that youve been lacking y ou energy be move to interpret that the smell of a beaten(prenominal) food go forth facilitate tremendously if you olfactory perception homesick.4. organism a extraterrestrial being give make you droll.Your classmates ordain be fire in how you grew up, whither youve been and heretofore encyclopaedism your language. desex the just about of stand up out by fling a unique persuasion and sporting outlook.5. sop up friends with your classmates hold in a saucy terra firma eject be lonely. Fortunately, international students seduce it blue when it comes to qualification friends as at that place argon repetitive buddies to be do right in that respect in the lecture room. lick around, grimace, face yourself and say where youre from. Thats all it takes to frame of reference long friendships.6. subscribe a mickle of photos.Memories are great. but images attach a min so it kitty be relived forever. sluice better, ply a soundtrack do up of local hits so you can smile either time THAT call comes on.7. Be fearless.Youve not traveled all that way to entomb in a break imprint the around of every(prenominal) single second. You whitethorn call for family and friends who cant storage area to collar about your adventures give them something to rightfully be imperial of you about. Its not always well to be brave, however, so if you find like you wish some support past transport soupcon our place we are here to help