Essay --

At about age 2 children become unfastened of representation, of thinking about the properties of things without having to act on them directly. This capacity marks the first level of the preoperational period. At this level, the child can deal with only one representation-one thought process or thought at a time. At the second level of the preoperational period, beginning at about age 4, children develop the ability to deal mentally with more complex things. (Early Childhood Development/The Talking Page, Literacy Organization, Research Information ) I have chosen Taffy Sea Turtles Catch and Hatch Pool play for the cognitive effects it has on its age group. This toy is targeted toward ages six and up. It consists of baby turtles and their shells. You instruct the children to take the baby turtles out of their shells and throw them into a pool. The empty shells ar evenly distributed among the children that are playing. These shells are placed in different areas by the pool by each individual child. You have the children then choose a nesting place (where they will put all the eggs after the...

STD PREVENTION Essay -- essays research papers

Abstinence And STD PreventionTodays world is broad of worries and problems which did not affect teens a generation ago. New problems keep appearing in todays world, such as STDs, increased pregnancy rates, and another(prenominal) factors facing teens who choose to have sex. Emotionally and physically teens and getting less developed before having sex and are not prepared for the serious problems which ejaculate along with their decision to have sex. No longer is it a matter which will just go a office if we ignore it, but teen wellness and the health of our society depend on choices which todays teens make regarding sex. With so many diseases and problems facing todays world, abstinence is the only way to protect ourselves. Abstinence is a safe choice in preventing the possibility of pregnancy. One-tenth of young women between the ages of 15 and 19 get pregnant either year, 83 percent of these pregnancies are unwanted or unplanned. Half of the unmarried teens who get pregnant do so within six months of their first knowledgeable experience. In fact, between 1986 and 1990, teen childbearing increased by 16 percent. Whats worse, pregnant teenagers often dont see a sterilize until the time of delivery.Another serious problem surrounding teen sexual intercourse is theprobability of AIDS and sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). Each year, three one thousand millionteens are infected with STDs. Among 14- to 20-year-olds, chlamydia is the mostcommon. It has no obvious symptoms, and can cause infertility i...

Dominance of the Ohio Valley Region Essay -- Pontiac History Essays

Dominance of the Ohio Valley region The Ohio Valley Region was known as the American frontier during the time period from 1760 to 1813. The white working out into the Ohio Valley Region brought about the decline and the eventual dissolution of the inbred American modal value of life. The struggles of the French and English in the north and the westward get-up-and-go of American settlers in the south were met with unified pro-nativist resistance. The individual struggles of three custody characterize the turmoil between whites and Native Americans. Pontiacs war against the English, Tecumsehs organization of a unified Indian Confederation, and Daniel Boones leadership in the Hesperian migration into Kentucky demonstrate the fight for control in the Ohio Valley Region.Pontiac, a heroic warrior who get together previously feuding tribes in an unprecedented resistance to the men who would change their way of life and the face of their land forever, left a legacy of courage and honor. A member of the Ottawa Indian tribe, Pontiac refused to accept English control and gag law of the Great Lakes region without a fight, even after his French allies make peace with England (Rogers, 1).The French first met the Great Lakes Ottawa in 1615, decision them armed with bows, arrows, and war clubs. The fiercely painted and tattooed Native Americans wore furs and had pierced noses and ears. Members of the Algonquian run-in family, the Ottawa, along with the Chippewa and Potowatomi, formed the Council of Three Tribes (Eckert, 29). The Ottawa were known to other Algonquin tribes as intertribal traders. The name Ottawa in the Algonquin language means, to trade. In 1740, there were approximately 2,000 Ottawa, 200 Huron, and 100 Potowatomi in the areas around D... .... 159 287, I xx http//www.canadiana.org/cgi-bin/ECO/mtq?id802901efb5&doc-64039.*Jillson, Willard Rouse. Filsons Kentucke. Louisville John P. Morton & Company, 1930.Lofaro, Michael A. The Life and Adventures of Daniel Boone. Lexington The University Press of Kentucky, 1978.Oskison, John M. Tecumseh and His Times. GP Putnams Sons tender York, 1938.Peckman, Howard. Pontiac and the Indian Uprising. (Princeton, 1947).Parkman, Francis. The Conspiracy of Pontiac and the Indian War After the Conquest of Canada. Vol I-II. (London, 1912).Rogers, Robert. journal of the Siege of Detroit in the War with Pontiac. Albany, New York, 1860) pp. 1 120. http//www.Canadiana.org/cgi-bin/ECO/mtq?id-802901efb5&doc=64039.Rugely, Terry. Savage and national leader Changing Historical Interpretations of Tecumseh. Indiana Magazine of History 1989 85(4) 289-311. Dominance of the Ohio Valley Region Essay -- Pontiac History EssaysDominance of the Ohio Valley Region The Ohio Valley Region was known as the American frontier during the time period from 1760 to 1813. The white expansion into the Ohio Valley Region brought about the decline and the eventual dissolution of the Native American way of life. The struggles of the French and English in the north and the westward push of American settlers in the south were met with unified pro-nativist resistance. The individual struggles of three men characterize the turmoil between whites and Native Americans. Pontiacs war against the English, Tecumsehs organization of a unified Indian Confederation, and Daniel Boones leadership in the western migration into Kentucky demonstrate the fight for control in the Ohio Valley Region.Pontiac, a heroic warrior who united previously feuding tribes in an unprecedented resistance to the men who would change their way of life and the face of their land forever, left a legacy of courage and honor. A member of the Ottawa Indian tribe, Pontiac refused to accept English control and settlement of the Great Lakes region without a fight, even after his French allies made peace with England (Rogers, 1).The French first met the Great Lakes Ottawa in 1615, finding them armed with bows, arrows, and war cl ubs. The fiercely painted and tattooed Native Americans wore furs and had pierced noses and ears. Members of the Algonquin language family, the Ottawa, along with the Chippewa and Potowatomi, formed the Council of Three Tribes (Eckert, 29). The Ottawa were known to other Algonquin tribes as intertribal traders. The name Ottawa in the Algonquin language means, to trade. In 1740, there were approximately 2,000 Ottawa, 200 Huron, and 100 Potowatomi in the areas around D... .... 159 287, I xx http//www.canadiana.org/cgi-bin/ECO/mtq?id802901efb5&doc-64039.*Jillson, Willard Rouse. Filsons Kentucke. Louisville John P. Morton & Company, 1930.Lofaro, Michael A. The Life and Adventures of Daniel Boone. Lexington The University Press of Kentucky, 1978.Oskison, John M. Tecumseh and His Times. GP Putnams Sons New York, 1938.Peckman, Howard. Pontiac and the Indian Uprising. (Princeton, 1947).Parkman, Francis. The Conspiracy of Pontiac and the Indian War After the Conquest of Canada. Vol I-II. (London, 1912).Rogers, Robert. Diary of the Siege of Detroit in the War with Pontiac. Albany, New York, 1860) pp. 1 120. http//www.Canadiana.org/cgi-bin/ECO/mtq?id-802901efb5&doc=64039.Rugely, Terry. Savage and Statesman Changing Historical Interpretations of Tecumseh. Indiana Magazine of History 1989 85(4) 289-311.

Essay --

EKG ClassWhen expecting a coddle, parents hope their child is born(p) with ten tiny toes, ten little fingers, the unblemished little button nose, and a smile made out of gold. Most whitethorn not hazard about the vital development and intricacies of their babys tone. Once the baby is born, parents uncertainties may be l guardianship to rest as technology has provided the world with four-fold means of being able to expose the roughly miniscule of ab saneities. One of which includes the electrocardiogram as this device is able to monitor and record the electrical impulses the heart is generating. With the addition of this device, a doctor can detect abnormal rhythms in the heart. By using machines such as the electrocardiogram, examining heart dies, and aortic stenosis, the parent testament be able to be intercommunicateed and disposed(p) for or so(prenominal) ailments of the heart a child may develop.A heart murmur is when the valves of the heart do not close all the way allowing some blood to flow through the valves when the valves should stop the flow. Doctors are able to hear a swooshing sound with the aid of a stethoscope. (Valvular Heart Disease website) indicates, the S1 is usually normal or soft. The S2 may be single because the aortic and pulmonic valve components are superimposed or the aortic valve component is absent or soft and the S4 may be audible because of a vigorous atrial contraction. Heart murmurs can be detected in an individual as early as at the beat of birth or during early childhood. There are two types of heart murmurs innocent and abnormal. straightforward murmurs are not caused by an actual fuss with the heart or by any other condition, nor does this type require any medication. Sometimes great(predicate) women will have an innocent heart murmur due to the increas... ... such as the EKG. Not only can the parent be informed of any ailments, but the doctor can better prepare, and inform the parent of ways to possibly fi x the underlying ailment. EKG machines are an excellent advancement of our time and will aid to countless discoveries in the aesculapian field.ReferencesMaganti, K., Rigolin, V. H., Sarano, M. E., & Bonow, R. O. (2010, May). Valvular Heart Disease Diagnosis and Management. Retrieved February 25, 2014, from http//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2861980/Staff, H. (2012, July 6). Heart Murmur - Good Health by Seton. Retrieved February 26, 2014, from http//www.goodhealth.com/health_a_to_z/health_library/health_topics/heart_problems/heart_murmur/Tidy, C. (2012, June 11). aortal Stenosis - what are the causes? Patient.co.uk. Retrieved February 26, 2014, from http//www.patient.co.uk/health/aortic-stenosis-leaflet Essay -- EKG ClassWhen expecting a baby, parents hope their child is born with ten tiny toes, ten little fingers, the perfect little button nose, and a smile made out of gold. Most may not think about the vital development and intricacies of their babys hear t. Once the baby is born, parents uncertainties may be laid to rest as technology has provided the world with multiple means of being able to detect the most miniscule of abnormalities. One of which includes the electrocardiogram as this device is able to monitor and record the electrical impulses the heart is generating. With the addition of this device, a doctor can detect abnormal rhythms in the heart. By using machines such as the electrocardiogram, examining heart murmurs, and aortic stenosis, the parent will be able to be informed and prepared for any ailments of the heart a child may develop.A heart murmur is when the valves of the heart do not close all the way allowing some blood to flow through the valves when the valves should stop the flow. Doctors are able to hear a swooshing sound with the aid of a stethoscope. (Valvular Heart Disease website) indicates, the S1 is usually normal or soft. The S2 may be single because the aortic and pulmonic valve components are superimp osed or the aortic valve component is absent or soft and the S4 may be audible because of a vigorous atrial contraction. Heart murmurs can be detected in an individual as early as at the time of birth or during early childhood. There are two types of heart murmurs innocent and abnormal. Innocent murmurs are not caused by an actual problem with the heart or by any other condition, nor does this type require any medication. Sometimes pregnant women will have an innocent heart murmur due to the increas... ... such as the EKG. Not only can the parent be informed of any ailments, but the doctor can better prepare, and inform the parent of ways to possibly fix the underlying ailment. EKG machines are an excellent advancement of our time and will aid to countless discoveries in the medical field.ReferencesMaganti, K., Rigolin, V. H., Sarano, M. E., & Bonow, R. O. (2010, May). Valvular Heart Disease Diagnosis and Management. Retrieved February 25, 2014, from http//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/ articles/PMC2861980/Staff, H. (2012, July 6). Heart Murmur - Good Health by Seton. Retrieved February 26, 2014, from http//www.goodhealth.com/health_a_to_z/health_library/health_topics/heart_problems/heart_murmur/Tidy, C. (2012, June 11). Aortic Stenosis - what are the causes? Patient.co.uk. Retrieved February 26, 2014, from http//www.patient.co.uk/health/aortic-stenosis-leaflet

The Life and Poetry of W.B. Yeats Essay -- Poets, biography, Biographi

William pantryman Yeats was born on the 13th of June in 1865, in Sandymount, Country Dublin, Ireland. His family was extremely fine artistic. His father, John Butler Yeats, studied art at Heatherleys Art School in London, his brother Jack became a well-renowned painter, and his sisters Elizabeth and Susan became involved in the Arts and Crafts movement, which was the use of handmade objects and boycotting mechanical objects.Yeats grew up as a member of the former Protestant Ascendancy, where the changes in Ireland directly disadvantaged him because of his heritage. During his childhood, he experienced political power change over away from the Protestant Ascendancy, which had a major influence on his poems later on in his life. At the age of two, his family moved to England for his father to study art and become an artist. At first, he and his siblings were taught at home, where his mother entertained them with stories and folktales from Ireland. His father gave an education of on ly geography and chemistry and took William to natural history explorations. On 26 January 1877, William Yeats entered the Godolphin primary school in Hammersmith where he would learn for four long time, before his family moved back to Dublin. In 1881, Yeats continued his education at Erasmus Smith spicy School in Dublin, near his fathers studio. Yeats spent most of his time there, meeting the citys artists and writers. It was during this time when he started to write poetry. During the years of 1884 and 1886, Yeats attended the Metropolitan School of Art, when in 1885 his poetry works and essay of The Poetry of Sir Samuel Ferguson were published in the Dublin University Review. Others of his works from this time include a play about a bishop, a monk and a woman ... ...ows of the indignant desert birds.The darkness drops again but now I populateThat twenty centuries of stony sleepWere vexed to nightmare by a rocking cradle,And what rough beast, its hour come round at last,Slouche s towards Bethlehem to be born?The poem begins with a description of multiple disastrous situations the falcon, a metaphor for a person, cannot hear the falconer, God, which means that people cannot hear what God is saying, and that chaos and anarchy result uphold the government. The Second Coming is when Jesus or any other religious figure comes back to the world, and something major happens that changes the current way of life. In this case, a vision of a sphinx comes out of Spiritus Mundi (Spirit of the World) and goes towards Bethlehem, possibly saying that the Anti-Christ will return and spread the disastrous happenings throughout the world.

The Life and Poetry of W.B. Yeats Essay -- Poets, biography, Biographi

William Butler Yeats was born on the 13th of June in 1865, in Sandymount, Country Dublin, Ireland. His family was extremely artistic. His father, John Butler Yeats, study art at Heatherleys Art enlighten in London, his brother Jack became a well-renowned painter, and his sisters Elizabeth and Susan became involved in the Arts and Crafts movement, which was the use of handmade objects and boycotting mechanistic objects.Yeats grew up as a member of the former Protestant Ascendancy, where the changes in Ireland directly disadvantaged him because of his heritage. During his childhood, he experienced political power shifting extraneous from the Protestant Ascendancy, which had a major influence on his poems later on in his life. At the age of two, his family moved to England for his father to study art and hold out an artist. At first, he and his siblings were taught at home, where his mother entertained them with stories and folktales from Ireland. His father gave an education of on ly geography and chemistry and took William to natural history explorations. On 26 January 1877, William Yeats entered the Godolphin particular school in Hammersmith where he would learn for four years, before his family moved back to Dublin. In 1881, Yeats continued his education at Erasmus Smith High School in Dublin, near his fathers studio. Yeats spent most of his time there, meeting the citys artists and writers. It was during this time when he started to write poetry. During the years of 1884 and 1886, Yeats tended to(p) the Metropolitan School of Art, when in 1885 his poetry works and essay of The Poetry of Sir Samuel Ferguson were published in the Dublin University Review. Others of his works from this time include a recreate about a bishop, a monk and a woman ... ...ows of the indignant desert birds.The darkness drops again but now I knowThat xx centuries of stony sleepWere vexed to nightmare by a rocking cradle,And what rough beast, its hour come round at last,Slouche s towards Bethlehem to be born?The poem begins with a description of multiple disastrous situations the falcon, a metaphor for a person, cannot hear the falconer, God, which means that people cannot hear what God is saying, and that chaos and anarchy will push the government. The Second Coming is when Jesus or any other religious figure comes back to the world, and something major happens that changes the current way of life. In this case, a ken of a sphinx comes out of Spiritus Mundi (Spirit of the World) and goes towards Bethlehem, possibly saying that the Anti-Christ will return and spread the disastrous happenings throughout the world.

Montecarlo Simulation Essay

Economy is the necessity of the consumers as well as to gain the utmost credit for it. In that style our superlative innovation of VIVO light has its own personal history which has originated the greatest solution for the commwholey these times. By this time, each(prenominal) should stand been alive(predicate) of the outrageous intelligence operation about the rising of electric bill. One could hardly expect anyone to accept the view. Especially people who live in beas where on that points uncomplete electricity nor male monarch supply.There argon people who often go for undis mayed trips where they atomic number 18 greatly in need of light. Lighting with less power is always not an effective way to hold the light. There lies the problem only not without a solution which is a simple one. In this situation our police squad had a technical good resource that came up with the solution. It is none another(prenominal) than the VIVO- direct rechargeable light itself. It h as the power of luminescence which leave behind ceaselessly last long hours. As we have just incorporated the company, the business is in the infant stage. Further we apprehend to identify it as legal presently 2. 2 Vision Statement We develop the solutions beyond your expectations based on cutting edge technologies interlinked with economy and ecology. 2. 3 Mission Statement To be the preeminent integrated system and lights supplier to the global to the micro electronics assiduity and to offer complete energy saving solutions to customers for their lighting needs and providing total customer expiation with our mel down(p)edly innovative and bell-effective crops. 2. 4 Business Model We focus to attain one of the essential harvest-homes to the customer with a standard produce public figure and size.We have a bunch of knowledgeable and talented team to produce our initial set of production. At the mean time we tar nab to merchandise our products by direct tradeing t ool. Because we believe Door Step foodstuffing would facilitate us to approach each and every customer individually. We chiefly concentrate our product with high quality and the relationship with our customers by providing better service. Also we hope this exit create a primary value for our firm. In future we hope to spread our product to Sri Lanka, island wide. 03. PRODUCT PLAN 3. 1 FeaturesThe product give be designed based on the emerging engineering science of Light Emitting diode (light-emitting diode). Currently the Sri Lankan market for this grammatical case of product is dominated by imported Lamps from China, which mostly contains a florescent tube lamp inside. As per the market research the problem with these type of lamps be these go out provide light usable for maximum of one hour, even if the rechargeable battery inside is charged fully for more than trine hours. The main contributor for this in businesslike performance is the florescent tube lamp used. This lamp will consume more power than guide lamps.And the brightness will as well as be frown than a five watts Light Emitting Diode (light-emitting diode). The target customers of the companys product are unable to use these imported lamps for the purpose of studying, working and adventurous travelling. So their needs will be satisfied with this product since the proposed product will be designed by using large number of LEDs and a rechargeable battery which is compatible and portable. It is efficient to the extent that, it will provide more hours lighting with the charging time of notwithstanding few hours and more charging time will emergence the usage time. . 2 Key Attributes Company is planning to incorporate cardinal functions in the product using the LED units. That is the unit will have an Active mode and a Bright mode for convenience of the user. Bright mode This mode is the differentiating ingest of the companys product from other lamps. This is where the unit will be s upplied with more power, to the extent that the LEDs will function with its full capacity. So the lamp can be used for studying, cooking or travelling in night purposes. Active modeThis is where the Light emitting diode will be supplied with low power using a small circuit with a alleviate of a switch. This will result in the lamps, emitting light at a lower capacity than its full capacity. This mode can be used to entrust the lamp in a hall area where you dont need too much bright. This will significantly reduce the power aspiration and increase the operating hours of the unit while the durability of the LED will improve and the battery life will also increase. 3. 3 Enhancements The firm is planning to upgrade its product to the extent that, it will charge itself using solar panel technology.Currently the firm is unable to incorporate this technology, because it is not having sufficient financial aid. besides once it is established in the market place it will be possible to ge t special bank loan or any other sources of financing. Then the firm will be able to produce more number of units with additional features. After the incorporation of this new technology the product may be subject to a price revision and this may increase the piece. The product is made up with light emitting diodes, this means that there is low fortune that this unit will fail due to the failure of this LEDs.But the riskier demote is the rechargeable battery, where the average life of a battery is around two years, so that in order to be more cautious, company is expecting to give a one year warranty for its customers. 3. 4 Product Strategy The opportunity appellative suggests that, the people who suffer with the increased electricity tariffs and who are trying to reduce their electricity expenses are expecting some other forms of lighting. On the other hand there are certain areas of the country that do not supplied with the power by the electricity board, in order to carry out the natives chores.So this foodstuff Gap analysis helped the emergence of the efficient rechargeable LED lamps. Initially the target segment of the firm is the consumers who live in the North and in the up country of Sri Lanka as the company has small diffusion channels to market the products in these areas. After wards within the next three years it will expand the target market and company will merchandise the product to at least 50% of the consumers in Sri Lanka covering Eastern, Western, Sabaragamuva, primal and Uva Provinces.Currently the product dodging is to produce the rechargeable LED Lamps which could be used for lighting purpose at houses, working places and for travelling purposes. But in future by and by establishing the product in the market place it will use a product mix which will include more technological products such as solar power lights and etc. The product is differentiated to attract customers, through its unique feature of brightness which could be u sed to light and cover a vast area (more than 500 square feet) and the efficiency where the power saved for half an hour can be used for more than five hours.The up-to-date products in the market are less efficient and it cannot be used for the purpose of lighting a vast area, as most of the products related to this technology are small portable torch lights. The major risk of introducing a technological product is the emergence of new technologies. So company should be aware of the emerging new technologies and based on the consumer requirement, a continuous Line extension, commercialise Development, Product Development and Diversification strategies will be required to espouse in the business.According to this, it has planned to introduce a self charging unit in the forth glide slope periods. The entree time of this new product will not be defined at present, in order to avoid product proliferation. 3. 5 Benefits of the Product The objective behind the firms strategy is to m ake business that satisfies the customers who do not have proper and adequate electricity facilities in their region. So the target customers are the people who are in the remote areas, mainly in hill countries and north and eastern province.Based on the preliminary study conducted, on target customers, it was identified that the main business enterprise is lack of electricity quick-wittedness and the amount of money that they can afford to obtain electricity facility through other means. The following benefits of the companys product will full fill the above requirements and it is believed that, this is a warlike reinforcement of the firm compared to the other players in the industry. ? Compatibility and convenience The product is designed with the objective that the users should be able to carry it easily where ever they go.So the weight of the unit will be less and the size is also reduced up to the maximum. ? Expensiveness The product incorporates the emerging new technolog y of LED. This has helped the company to substantially reduce the production follow. So the final output of the product will be priced in accordance with the market price, while the firm can also reduce the dispersal cost, import expense and intermediation cost. Because when a company import and sell a product, the producer, distributer and ultimately the importer has to make profit from the same unit.So the product commonly will have more merchandising and distribution cost than the manufacturing cost. This huge disadvantage is purely eliminated from our product because it is a Sri Lankan product. So in this context the company will set the price well below the market price. So the customers can get a good quality product at a lower cost. ? Efficiency and durability The main competitive advantage of the product is the efficient use of the product that is 30 minutes of recharge ime will enable the user to operate the unit for 300 minutes, which is comparatively high usage when co mparing with other similar products in the industry. The other benefit is that we have incorporated two favourions to satisfy the customer needs, which is bright mode and fighting(a) mode. This will further enhance the usage. ? Warranty claims The Company will provide a one year warranty for the product. That is our company will bear all the repair and maintenance expenses of the product which is returned to us within one year from the sales date.It increases the reliability of the product among customers. ? Customer Support In this industry normally after sales services are not a popular facility provided by the producer. So the company has planned to provide technical certification to customers after the sales regarding the usage and warranty claims. This will be done through the telephone conversation and through the business agents. So this service provides an additional comfort with the companys product. 3. 6 Trade Secrets and Patent Rights This is a very important area to b e considered.But the firm is protected in this area because according to the initial market research there are very few Sri Lankan companies producing this type of products by importing the partly finished components and doing the latter(prenominal) part of the production (Assembling) in Sri Lanka. So there is no direct competitor for the firm in the underway context. Bur the product may give Reverse Engineering in future. But this type of risks is common in this business area, so it is very difficult to protect this. But if the marketing team of the firm communicate the customers clearly, then it will be easier to promote the original products.The firm is sure that it has unique knowledge and skills about its product and the business, so this is the strongest competitive advantage of the firm and, it may not disclose it to others. As many would expect, this approach has its own issues like disclosure requirement, but many ventures have competed successfully this way. 3. 7 Stage o f Development The product is in the prototype stage and the company has successfully completed the previous two stages of conceptual and design stages. It will be ready for marketing once it has started the business activities.And it is possible for the firm to grab the first mover advantage of this type of LED technology. 04. MARKET AND INDUSTY compend Industry analysis and market analysis are two different ways to look at the environment in which a business competes. Although related, these two types of analysis differ in their scope. The purpose of the market and industry analysis is to identify the market opportunities for our product, LED rechargeable lights. LED lights are the next contemporaries of lighting solutions which going to emerge in coming years.Therefore there will be a good opportunity for our product in future. 1. Market Analysis In todays technological world, we mention a challenging and ever-expanding marketplace for almost any product or service. The role of the market analysis is to help guide the process of better understanding of the most important market segments, how fast the opportunity is growing, what are the key sustainable differentiations and why are these important. In this section we are going to discuss the following components Target market segment strategy Market needs Market trends Market segmentationOverall market The lighting industry is in the early stages of shifting away from established technologies fluorescent, incandescent, and high-intensity discharge (HID) lighting toward light-emitting diodes (LEDs). Adoption rates of LED lighting are expected to grow in the coming years as the efficiency and quality of LEDs surpass those of competing technologies and as the price is low. Not only the quality and low price of LED rechargeable lights, people not having the comfort of using the electricity, especially like a country like Sri Lanka, also makes way for us to make a market appearance.Our market would be mai nly based on North and central provinces as those areas have no regular and proper supply of electricity. Over the past few years the market for LED rechargeable lights has shown a growing trend and it is likely that the current trend will continue. Future development of the northern and eastern provinces may decline the demand for LED rechargeable lights in those areas as they may get the regular supply of electricity. But the increase in the price of electricity makes the market opportunity for LED rechargeable lights outshining as more people opt for cheap lighting systems.In future, growth in the market for LED rechargeable lights is highly anticipated and it will be made possible by rapidly decreasing LED prices, ever-increasing efficiencies and improved quality of light. Therefore the revenue is expected to increase and the future looks bright for LED rechargeable lights in the coming years. Addressable market Although our overall market covers northern, eastern and central pr ovinces our main focus would be on the rural areas of these provinces, where there is no electricity facility or the supply of electricity is interrupted often.People who are in search of a way to minimize their cost for electricity will be also included in our addressable market. Segmentation We have identified our market segment as follows, Groups of customers Our main customers would be people who have no regular access to electricity, low income earners and people who want to minimize their spending on electricity. Geography First we would introduce our product in the local market giving more attention to northern, eastern and central provinces. Product features Our LED rechargeable lights give more brightness with less power consumption. Benefits Saves power, money and time. Prices Our strategy would be cost leadership. We would produce the lights at a very low cost, add a profit margin to that and price our product at a low price. dissemination channel We would distribut e our product using direct distribution methods. There wont be any intermediaries in our distribution chain. Entry point Our main target is to cater the people who have no electricity and people who are in search of an alternative to satiate their need for light, with a proper lighting system.This would become an entry point for us as there are many people in Sri Lanka seek for a proper lighting system. And the recent hike in electricity prices has made many people seeking for a cheaper electricity solution as our product is cheap and power saving, this opportunity would pave the way for us to enter the market. 2. Industry Analysis Industry analysis is a vital part of the decision-making process in a business. A comprehensive industry analysis helps to take an objective view of the underlying forces, attractiveness, and success factors that determine the structure of the industry. arrest the businesss operating environment in this way can help to formulate an effective strategy, position the business for success, and make the most efficient use of the limited resources of the small business. We are going to discuss the following sections in the industry analysis Industry Description Industry Trends Industry coat and Attractiveness Profit Potential Target Market Competitive Position Industry analysis on LED reversible LightThe industry for LED rechargeable lights is very small with few manufacturers, therefore the competitors of our proposed product would be less and as a result of this, it is possible enter easily and cater the market need with cost effective, efficient solution. Another significant advantage over the product is there are no other manufacturers in Sri Lanka, who produce LED rechargeable lights. The prevailing competitors compete mainly on price and the technologies used by the competitors are relatively similar.The degree of competition is lower in the industry therefore the probability of success is comparatively higher for a new e ntrant in this market. Industry organization Majority of LED Rechargeable lights available in Sri Lanka are produced in Japan, China, Taiwan and India and there are few small assemblers in Sri Lanka. The products are mainly distributed via supermarket channels, LG Abans, Singer and small sell electronics shops and distribution is extensively made in main cities such as Colombo, Kandy, Galle suburban areas.There is less number of distribution points in Northern and Central Province and only the customers in the capital city are purchasing LED rechargeable lights. Value is created to the proposed product via operations, sales and marketing, service and usage of advanced technology. The competitive firms mainly use the above value adding activities to improve profit margin. Competitive Environment The competitive firms compete mainly on price and quality, and the introduction of new products is in a lower rate. Products are differentiated from one another mainly based on the number of LED bulbs used in light and priced accordingly.Customer support is prone in the mean of quality warranty in average one year service warranty is given by the competitive firms. Number of firms prevail in the market is very few, since the degree of rivalry is also low. A new entrant should compete mainly based on Quality (efficiency), Price (cost effective), and service excellence (Warranty) in order to survive and to attract more customers in the market. Since the market is dominated by imported goods the response to new entrants is slow and LED rechargeable lights are not sold many dealers in Sri Lanka.Market is highly fragmented and the competitors are traditional and old. There is high demand for Nippon products but its price extensively higher than other similar products The problems faced by the target customers due to the competitors products are a. Since the distribution channel is not well established in the target customers geographical area (Northern and Central Province ), it is difficult for the customer to find the dealers to repair the product if any fault is identified in the product. b.Similar products available in the market are less efficient in case of electricity consumption (high electricity consumption when charging), charging life is lesser than mentioned in the product catalogue, and the power is lesser than expected. c. Price of the product is high and the target customer segment find it difficult to purchase LED rechargeable light even though they have a need of it. Barriers to Entry When a new venture enters into the LED rechargeable lights industry it has to mainly face the following barriers from its competitive forces. a.Competitors such as Nippon, Kanchen are well established firms in the international market and furnish with advanced technologies therefore these firms will enjoy economies of scale and at the initial stage our firm has to incur comparatively more costs for technology, product aim and manufacturing. Therefore a t the initial stage product efficiency and manufacturing efficiency is vital. b. There are some well established brands in the market and customers are loyal to those brands but the price of those brands are relatively higher therefore target customers may not be able to afford that higher price. c.Distribution channel of the product is not well established in the target geographical area therefore there are no competitors who have moderate over the channel. d. Switching cost for the proposed product relatively higher since the current market price of the competitors product. Even though there is an opportunity for the new entrants since the distribution channel of existing products is not reached to the target customer segment. Control over industry Competition of LED rechargeable lights are mainly based on price therefore pricing should be made in the way of value adding and it is important to set price lower than industry average.The bargaining power of customers is higher since they prefer cost effective solution. Suppliers of the raw material have more power since at the initial stage the production volume is low therefore it is difficult to obtain discounts from the supplier by bargaining. Competitive advantage can be gained only through effective production process. Existing competitors are mainly using indirect channels to distribute it would be successful if proposed product adopts direct means of distribution.Competition prevailing in the industry. There is no aggressive competition in the market and proposed product is the pioneer locally produced product in the industry. The direct competitors in LED rechargeable light industry are Nippon, Kanchan and Orbit and few small importers. a. Nippon LED Rechargeable Lights Nippon LED rechargeable lights are the products of Nippon Electric Company (NEC), Japan. It is a well reputed brand in Sri Lanka and the products are imported by Nippon Lanka (pvt) Ltd.The distribution of products made via its showroom in Bambalapitiya and through super market chains (Arpico, Keells Super), customers are loyal to the product since they perceive it has good quality than the products available in the market. Nippon Lanka doesnt have sellers in the Central and Northern Province. b. Kanchan Rechargeable Lights Kanchan is an Indian product and price is relatively cheaper than Nippon but the technology used by Knachan is different since the major technology used is Fluorescent Bulbs and these bulbs are comparatively inefficient than LED.The main mean of distribution is online selling and it is not reached in the rural areas of Sri Lanka. c. Orbit Star LED Rechargeable Light Orbit Star is a product from Orbit and it uses online selling as a major source of distribution to reach the target customer (www. anything. lk and www. topshop. lk), the accessibility of internet is poor in Central and Northern Province. Indirect competitors of LED rechargeable light would be the producers of Solar Power Lights, Ke rosene, Dynamo, Bio gas but the above substitutes are inefficient and expensive than proposed product.Future potential competitors would be the producers who are using advanced technologies such as NANO and OLED. Opportunity Based on the market and industry analysis there is a need for efficient, environmental friendly, cost effective, environmental friendly LED rechargeable lamp especially in Northern and Central Province. The weakness of the competitors will be used as an additional feature in order to capture the market via prevailing opportunities.

General Environment Analysis for Hsbc in Mainland China Essay

Economy-We know the high speed of Chinas growing economy. With the development of the economy in China, Chinese customers consumption power has been going up. More people are accepting the consumption ways such as credit card and installment plan. -Not only individuals, small and medium sized enterprises play significant roles in Chinas economy. Since Chinas reform and open-door policy, huge amount of small and medium sized enterprises come out. They demand capital and it is relatively harder for them to get it so they rely more on swans.DemographyMiddle Class in China is growing and they own stronger purchase ability and at the same time they got the sense of investment.Political/ lawfulSince entering the WTO and in December 2006, China formally opened the banking industry to the world, which means that foreign banks are able to conduct RMB business in China. However, all move of the foreign banks are regulated by the China Banking Regulatory Commission. For example, the loan-to -deposit ratio must be strictly controlled within 75%. Therefore, how to satisfy this event and how to deal with the numerator and denominator are what HSBC needs to take into consideration.TechnologicalThe development of Internet has led to the prosperity of e-commerce. HSBC might consider cooperating with such related companies like near online stores and payment platforms to expand the retail business.GlobalThe destruction of the financial crisis on the global economy had in particular impact on the parent bank of HSBC, and this has inevitably affected the subsidiaries in China.SocioculturalTraditionally, Chinese people prefer saving than investing. As for investment, people prefer low-risk financial products. Low-risk with high-return investment products will be the one kind people pursue.

Is Atticus Fitch a good Father? Essay

Fathers are important role models who raise and nurture their children with much love. A in effect(p) fetch is a man who protects and provides for his children, who disciplines his children, and who tries to bring them up to know the difference between well-behavedly and bad. Fathers should be there for their children in all times of need, to suspensor and comfort them.1 According to Nicky Marone, the author of How To Father A Successful Daughter, there are four types of scrams. They are The authoritarian, The softie, The protector, and The pal. The authoritarian father is usually a martinet and very controlling. This soulfulness is uncompromising and whatever he says goes. The father who is a softie is greatly loved by his daughter, but is extremely easy to manipulate.He is controlled by his children and somewhat spoils them by letting them do whatever they wish and getting them whatever they want. This type of father does not know how to say, No. The father who is a protect or tries to keep his children safe from all harm. But by holding them back, this type of father does not allow his children to reach their full potential. The stand type of father is The pal. This type of father tries to establish a friendship between him and his children. By being more of a pal than a father, this soul shows his children that they are equal and valuable individuals. This type of father is the closest to being right on track.2____________________1 Abby, Scott. What Makes a Man a Good Father? Internet June 19, 2005. celestial latitude 1, 2006 2 Nicky Marone, How To Father a Successful Daughter. ( red-hot York Ballantine Books, 1982), 22 24.In To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee, genus genus Atticus Finch is portrayed as an exquisite father because he acts as an educator, treats great deal equally and allows hischildren to develop their let personalities by giving them more exemption. Atticus is considered to be a pal parent, who shows his children wads of love .Besides being a lawyer, Atticus also acts as and educator to Jem and spy. One of the ways he educates them, is by passing on the lessons that he has knowledgeable in his life. But Atticus does not just pass on these lessons he puts them into terms that Jem and Scout can understand. An example of this is when Atticus teaches Scout a very important moral lesson and puts it in language that is easy for Scout to get. You never really understand a personuntil you consider things from their point of view, until you ride in their shoes and walk around in them.2 This is a crucial piece of advice which influences Scouts development for the rest of the novel.Scout struggles to put Atticuss advice into practice but at the end of the novel she finally succeeds in seeing things from Boo Radleys perspective, which allows her to fulfill Atticuss advice and ensures that she will not become jaded as she looses her innocence. Another way in which Atticus educates Scout is by teaching her to read at an early age. By teaching her to read early on, Scout becomes a very good reader. In fact, she is so good that, Miss Caroline Fisher, Scouts first grade teacher, tells Scout to stop reading with Atticus because she is too________________________3 Harper Lee, To Kill a Mockingbird. (New York Warner Books, Inc., 1982), 30. travel for her age. Scout becomes annoyed with Miss Caroline and tells Atticus that she doesnt want to go back to school. But Atticus urges her to go back to school and get an pedagogy because he loves her enough to see that getting an education would be important to her in the future. As you can see Atticus cares very much nearly his childrens futures and by educating them he shows the reader that he loves his children a lot. Atticus is a good father because he educates his children, but he is also a good father because he is committed to equating.Unlike most of the parents in the Maycombian Society, Atticus is committed to equality in all forms. All througho ut the book, Atticus treats Jem and Scout as equals. He acts as if he is no better than them and by doing this, he builds a stronger relationship between him and his children, allowing them to relate on better terms. This is seeming(a) when Atticus lets Jem and Scout call him by his first name, instead of father or dad. By doing this he demonstrates that he would like things to be equal and fair. If he let them call him father, it would imply that he is better than them, and that is not what Atticus wants. In fact it is the total opposite of what he wants.But at the aforementioned(prenominal) time, Atticus also realizes that he is supposed to be the father figure and tries to set an example for Jem and Scout. Before Jem looks at anyone else, he looks at me and Ive tried to bide so that I can look squarely back at him. 4 Atticus is saying that Jem looks to him for adviceand sees him as a role model and Atticus takes that into account every day, with every action that______________ ________4 Harper Lee, To Kill a Mockingbird. (New York Warner Books, Inc., 1982), 273.he hold backs. This is because he knows that if he makes a bad mistake, Jem and Scout will be watching and they may get bad ideas and make the same mistake as well. So Atticus tries to live his life and treat people as fairly and as equally as possible. Furthermore, Atticus is also committed to racial equality. A few ways in which he demonstrates this is when he lets his children go to Calpurnias church and he also lets Calpurnia (a black woman) raise his children.By doing this, Atticus is sending the reader a message that he believes in racial equality and that he doesnt judge people just by their skin colour or culture. He also defends Tom Robinson (a black male) and his rights while trying to getthe royal court to give him a fair trial. By doing this Atticus shows that he is not prejudice and treats every person, no matter what color, race, or culture they are, as his own. As you can see, Atti cus treats everybody in Maycomb County equally and by doing this, sets a good example for his children. Along with educating his children and treating people equally, Atticus is also a good father because he gives his children freedom.Every parent tries to maintain a certain degree of control over their children, they just vary in the degree of control.5 Atticus gives his children survey of freedom. By doing this, he demonstrates that he loves them a lot because he is allowing them to develop their own personalities and choose their own path in life. One of the ways Atticus gives__________________________5 Nicky Marone, How To Father a Successful Daughter. (New York Ballantine Books, 1982), 218.them freedom, is by letting them pick their own friends. Atticus does not limit them to only playing with white people or with people that have a good family background, he gives them the freedom to establish their own relationships with whoever they want. Inaddition to letting them pick the ir own friends, Atticus gives Scout the freedom to dress how she wants. He does not tell her to dress more lady like, even with the pressures from AuntAlexandra and the rest of Maycomb. By giving them freedom, Atticus recognizes that they will make mistakes, but the important thing is to learn from those mistakes and use them to help you to develop into a mature adult. Atticus gives his children the ability to live how they want and make their own decisions. He shows a lot of compassion for his children by giving them freedom, which in turn will make them into mature adults.Atticus is a normal person with a unique parenting style. He does not abide by the basic principle of the Maycombian lifestyle in which other parents use while raising their children. He believes that children should make their own decisions and develop their own personalities. He gives them freedom because he trusts them enough to do so, but as soon as they take benefit of that freedom, he is quick to set them back on track. In conclusion, Atticuss parenting methods and ways of showing affection, have positively affected his childrens personalities.Works Cited1. Lee, Harper. To Kill a Mockingbird. New York Warner Books, Inc., 19822. Marone, Nick. How To Father a Successful Daughter. New York Ballantine Books,1982.3. Scott, Abby. What Makes a Man a Good Father? June 19, 2005. December 1, 2006

Compromise in the American Constitution

The United States typography is a bundle of agrees mainly because there were contending groups during its earliest stages of conceptualization and even during its formation. On one side, there were those who criticized the first constitution of Americathe Articles of Confederationfor lacking several key provisions and adjustments that could give the political science more power. Those who were for the reformation of the Articles and for the creation of a stronger national government are c on the wholeed the federalists.On the other hand, there were also those who feared that giving the national government too much(prenominal) power may result to the infringement on the welfare of the mortal citizens of the country. Those who opposed the endowment of wider powers to the national government would later on accept the compromise of securing a Bill of Rights so that the government especially the Congress allow not make laws that violate the rights of the citizens.Apparently, the Bi ll of Rights came to be the first manifestation of a compromise that want to resolve the contending issues at that term. While the Articles of Confederation was later on replaced by the United States Constitution, the Constitution did not entirely survive the eld without plenty of changes to it. Part of the reason to it is the fact that there was a fear at the time that granting the national government full powers would allow the situation wherein the lot are aggravated in exchange for expediency and productivity on the part of the government.The first amendment to the Constitution came to be known as the Bill of Rights which lists the native rights that each American is entitled to. The Bill of Rights provides the first ten amendments to the Constitution as proposed by Thomas Jefferson. Although the Bill of Rights was eventually ratified, it did not easily trend through Congress without the criticisms of those who oppose it, one of whom is Alexander Hamilton, a leading figur e among the so-called federalists (Chan, 2004).The federalists generally saw the establishment of a Bill of Rights as a constitutional amendment that could limit the rights of individuals because it merely protects the rights that are explicitly stated in it. That being the case, the rights that are not included in the Bill may not be acknowledged as part of the recognized rights. The opposition to the federaliststhe so-called anti-federalistshowever claimed that it is not necessarily the case.As a result, the Ninth Amendment was included which sought to protect the rights that are not enumerated in the Constitution. In general, the significant issues raised by the contending parties were addressed through the Massachusetts Compromise. While the compromise paved the way for reaching the needed support for establishing the Constitution as proposed by the federalists, it also gave credit to the sentiments of the anti-federalists, thereby securing the give waying of the Bill of Rights as part of the condition in passing the Constitution.Another interesting aspect of the Constitution is the fact that thralldom was not immediately abolished entirely after the Constitution was passed. It was only after the Thirteenth Amendment when slavery and involuntary servitude were finally abolished by the law. Moreover, the successful ratification of the Constitution would have hardly been realized had there been no compromises which sought to protect the interests of the slave-owners at the time when the Constitution was well on its way to being formally recognized.Concessions had to be made so that the framers of the Constitution would gather support from those who were pro-slavery. Otherwise, they would have been unable to pass the Constitution (Furstenberg, 2003). The compromises with regard to the issue of slavery during the debates over the Constitution at the Constitutional Convention include the proposal of those who were against slavery to count slaves as three-fift hs of all other persons since the number of free persons determined the representation in Congress at the time.It was made clear, however, that the three-fifths count for every slave was not meant to dehumanize them exclusively rather to penalize those who owned slaves. Another compromise reached during the Constitutional Convention is the protection of the slave trade it was a concession that the delegates who were for slavery proposed. However, the compromise did not hinder the individual states from altogether outlawing or restricting the existing slave trade after the passing of the Constitution. Lastly, fugitive slaves were expected to be returned to the state from which they came from.It was a compromise that distinguished the federal government from the individual states in the sense that slavery practiced in some states was not to be sanctioned by the Constitution. To a certain extent, federal laws did not legitimize slavery as an institution although neither did it sanctio n slavery as far as the individual states are concerned. The compromise essentially permitted the return of fugitive slaves from the original states that they were held in labor without stressing the point that these slaves should be freed as part of the concession to the demands of the pro-slavery delegates in the Convention.Through the years, the Constitution of the United States of America has had several initial clauses and key amendments that underscored the urgent need to make compromises in order to complete the task of creating a Constitution that will embody the principles of the nation.ReferencesChan, M. D. (2004). Alexander Hamilton on Slavery. The Review of Politics, 66(2), 207-231. Furstenberg, F. (2003). Beyond Freedom and Slavery Autonomy, Virtue, and Resistance in Early American Political Discourse. The Journal of American History, 89(4), 1295-1330.

Differences between cars and motorcycles Essay

There argon more differences between elevator cars and motorcycles. or so people out in that location like motorcycles over cars and roughly people prefer cars over motorcycles due to the sentry go factor of motorcycles comp bed to cars. Some Prefer the comfort of motorcycles but some prefer the comfort of cars. Then there is a court difference between the cars and motorcycles as some prefer whiz over the other. I am going to tell you around the cost of motorcycles and cars, the comfort of motorcycles and cars, and the risk-freety of motorcycles and cars. First, motorcycles ar less expensive then cars.As you rouse see motorcycles can cost only a few meter dollars. But cars can cost anywhere from a little more than a few thousand dollars to twenty thousand dollars and up. Cars are nice to acquire but depending on which one you prefer to purchase can cost you a pretty penny. You can press a small compact car which might only cost between seven and ten thousand dollars or you can get an SUV which would be over twenty thousand dollars. Motorcycles are not that expensive when compared to a car. You can get a motorcycle for under a few thousand dollars.Most people who look at this at a cost factor would prefer to go with a motorcycle to save money. Second, cars are more comforting to be in than motorcycles are. As you probably already know motorcycles are not that big and have a leather seat. The seat is not wide enough and can get hot at times. This makes it really uncomfortable. Also lots of people like to wear motorcycle gear such as leather gloves and leather change state such as leather pants. Leather pants can make it very uncomfortable to ride a motorcycle at any given up time. Cars are big and very roomy. Its actually very comfortable to be sitting down riding in one.The seats can be leather or cloth with a carpet like material. Sitting in the car crusade does not bother the comfort. People have been driving cars for many years and are very well use to the comfort of them. Third, is the safety of cars and motorcycles when riding? Both cars and motorcycles are not safe at all. Some could say one is not safer than the other. But from hearing on the news about accidents with cars and Accidents with motorcycles we can say that they all have their fair share of safety problems. Motorcycles are not safe at all. Motorcycles ride on two wheels which we all know of.Motorcycles can go fast quickly and motorcyclists like to cut off in and out of lanes which cause a safety hazard. There is a lot of motorcycle related accidents all the time. Cars are dangerous also. There are car accidents being reported all the time. Even though cars seem like they are much safer than motorcycles they actually are not that safe. Some can argue that cars are safe or safer but they still cause a safety hazard out there. Every day there are plenty of car related accidents happening all the time? But having 4 wheels which a car has makes the car saf er. But you are only safe as safe as the driver is.But not everyone is a safe driver things happen all the time without knowing. Finally, there are many differences between cars and motorcycles. But as we have learned there is the cost of motorcycles which is a lot less than the cost of cars. The comfort of cars how they are more roomy compared to a motorcycle which can be less comforting with all the motorcycle gear on and the small leather seat. And lastly we learned about the safety of driving a car as compared to a motorcycle learning that neither one is safer than the other and that we all get into accidents at one time or another.

Current Examples of Fascism Essay

Even though in that respect arent any more fascist countries in the world, there are many groups or organizations that brace still been running using fascist ideologies. The KKK, or the Ku Klux Klan, is a racist, anti-Semitic movement with a commitment to peak violence to achieve its goals of racial segregation and white supremacy. Of all the types of right-wing hate groups that exist in the United States, the Klan remains the one with the greatest deem of national and local organizations around the country. More than 40 different Klan groups exist, many having multiple chapters, or klaverns, including a few that boast a presence in a large number of states. There are over a hundred different Klan chapters around the country, with a combined strength of members and associates that may natural around 5,000. After a period of relative quiet, Ku Klux Klan activity has spiked noticeably upwards in 2006, as Klan groups have attempted to exploit fears in America over gay marriage, per ceived assaults on Christianity, crime and especially immigration.The Ku Klux Klan first off emerged following the Civil War as Americas first true terrorist group. Since its inception, the Ku Klux Klan has seen several cycles of growth and collapse, and in some of these cycles the Klan has been more extreme than in others. In all of its incarnations, however, the Klan has maintained its dual heritage of hate and violence. At first, the Ku Klux Klan focused its anger and violence on African-Americans, on white Americans who stood up for them, and against the federal government which supported their rights. Subsequent incarnations of the Klan, which typically emerged in times of rapid social change, added more categories to its enemies list, including Jews, Catholics (less so after the 1970s), homosexuals, and different groups of immigrants. In most of these cases, these perceived enemies were minority groups that came into direct economic competition with the lower- and working-cl ass whites that formed the load constituency of the Klan in most of its incarnations.Neo- Nazism consists of post-World War II social or political movements seeking to revive Nazism.The term neo-Nazism can also refer to the ideology of these movements. Neo-Nazism borrows elements from Nazi doctrine, including militant nationalism, racism, xenophobia, homophobia, and antisemitism. Holocaust denial is a common feature, as is incorporation of Nazi symbols and admiration of Adolf Hitler. It is related to the white nationalist and white power skinhead movements in many countries.Neo-Nazi activity appears to be a global phenomenon, with organized representation in many countries, as well as international networks. Some European and Latin American countries have laws prohibiting the expression of pro-Nazi, racist, anti-Semitic or anti-gay views. Many Nazi-related symbols are banned in European countries in an effort to curtail neo-Nazism. Countries that have the neo-nazism parties are mos tly European countries, but the ones listed were 1 Europe.

Dr. Jose Rizal Essay

Every Filipino should know the national heros life, his youth, his brilliant works, as well as his love life, and the role he played in the Philippine Revolution. Every Filipino should know his dreams and aspiration for his country and for his fellowmen and the magnitude and extravagance of his love for the land of his birth. Filipino should know how he suffered, oddityured, and died.Activity 1 You are required to aim the Rizals heart, Works and Writings in range to answer the following questionsInstruction Give the important events and incidents happens on the following topics briefly and concise.1. Jose Rizals Birth & Early Childhooda. The birth June 19, 1861, Calamba, Laguna Philippines. b. Parents Francisco Engracio Rizal Mercado y Alejandro II and Teodora Morales Alonzo Realonda y Quintos. c. Children SATURNINA RIZAL, PACIANO RIZAL, NARCISA RIZAL, OLYMPIA RIZAL, LUCIA RIZAL, MARIA RIZAL, JOSE RIZAL, CONCEPCION RIZAL, JOSEFA RIZAL, TRINIDAD RIZAL, SOLEDAD RIZAL. d. Famil y FRANCISCO MERCADO and TEODORA ALONSOChildhood Jose Rizal was born to the wealthy Mercado-Rizal family in Calamba, Laguna of the Philippines. The Mercado-Rizals were considered one of the most prestigious Filipino families during their time. Jose Rizal came from the 13-member family consisting of his parents, Francisco Mercado II and Teodora Alonso Realonda, and order sisters and one brother. His parents were leaseholders of a hacienda and an accompanying rice farm by theDominicans. From an early age, Jose Rizal Mercado showed a precocious intellect. He learned the alphabet from his niggle at 3, and could read and write at age 5.2. Early Educationa. Education in Bian Rizal had his early education in Calamba and Bian. It was a typical breeding that a son of an ilustrado family received during his time, characterized by the four Rs- reading, writing, arithmetic, and religion. Instruction was rigid and strict. Knowledge was forced into the minds of the pupils by means of the ted ious memory regularity aided by the teachers whip. De pain the defects of the Spanish system of elementary education, Rizal was able to acquire the necessary instruction preparatory for college work in Manila. It may be said that Rizal, who was born a physical weakling, rose to become an intellectual giant non because of, only when rather in spite of, the outmoded and backward system of instruction obtaining in the Philippines during the last decades of Spanish regime.b. Gomburza Execution Night of January 20, 1872, about 200 filipino soldiers and workmen of the Cavite arsenal under the leaders of Lamadrid. Filipino sergeant , rose in violent mutinity because of the abolition of their usual privilege. Father Mariano Gomez, Jose Burgos and Jacinto Zamora were executed at sunrise of February 17, 1872 by order of governor general Izquierdo. c. The martyrdom of Gom-Bue-za truky insoured Rizal to fight the evils of Spanish tyranny and redeem his oppressed people. Rizal dedicted his s econd novel, EL Filibusterismo d. Mothers Imprisonment Some days afterwards my reappearance to Kalamba, my parents decided that I should remain, and that posterior I should go to Manila. I wanted to study with a teacher of the town, even though I could learn no more than multiplication, so I entered the village school.At this time, an uncle of mine, Don Jos Alberto, returned from Europe. He found that, during his absence, his wife had left his billet and abandoned her children. The poor man uneasily sought his wife and, at my mothers earnest request, he in any casek her back. They went to live in Bian. Only a few days later the ungrateful woman plotted with a Guardia Civil officer who was a friend of ours. She accused her husband of poisoning her and charged that my mother was an accomplice. On this charge, the alcalde direct my mother to prison. I do not like to tell of the deep grief which we all, nine sisters and brothers, felt. Our mothers arrest, we knew, wasunjust. The men who arrested her pretended to be friends and had frequently been our guests. Ever since then, child though I was, I have dis rely friendship. We learned later that our mother, away from us all and along in yrs, was ill. From the first, the alcalde believed the accusation.He was unjust in every way and treated my mother rudely, even brutally. Finally, he persuaded her to confess to what they wised by promising to set her free and to let her see her children. What mother could resist that? What mother would not sacrifice life itself for her children? hey terrified and deceived my mother, as they would have any other mother. They threatened to condemn her if she did not say what they wished. She submitted to the ordain of her enemies and lost her spirit. The case became involved until the same alcalde asked pardon for her. But this was only when the matter was before the Supreme Court. He asked for the pardon because he was sorry for what he had done. Such was his meanness that I felt afraid of him. Attorneys Francisco de Marcaida and Manuel Masigan, Manilas leading lawyers, defended my mother and they finally succeeded in having her acquitted. They proved her innocence to the judges, her accusers and her hosts of enemies. But after how much delay? After two and a half social classs.e. Studies at Ateneo de Manila To enter the Ateneo a candidate was subjected to an entrance examination on Christian doctrine, reading, writing, grammar, and elementary arithmetic. Jose did not take his entrance examinations Jose did not remain in Manila but returned first to his town to celebrate the fiesta of its patron idol it was then that his father changed his mind and decided to send him to the Ateneo instead.f. Jesuit Education System The Jesuits were considered the best educators of Spain, and perhaps of Europe, and so, when they were permitted to return to the Philippines, although their power to administer parishes was restricted remove in the remote regions o f Mindanao, the privilege of founding colleges, they had to apply to the City of Manila for subsidies. That is why the college which began to function in the twelvemonth 1865, was called the Ateneo Municipal. g. Studies in Ateneo de Manila1. 1st year From the first days Jose learned to systematize his work hefixed a program of what he had to do in the twenty-four hours of the day and did not in the least deviate from it. Thus he disciplined his will and subjected it to the commands of his reason.As a newcomer, Jose was at first put at the tail of the class, but he was soon promoted and kept on being promoted so that at the end of one month he had attained to the rank of Emperor. At the end of the term he obtained marks of excellent in all the subjects and in the examinations. He had reason to feel proud of his advancement and so when he went home on vacation that year, he ran alone to see his mother in the prison and tell her the happy news.He must have uttered this exclamation on learning from his mother that they had played her a mean trick. The judge, who was a blind partisan of the friars having been a domestic of theirs, told her that if she confessed her culpability he would release her at once. With the desire to see her children again, she pleaded guilty but the judge, instead of releasing her, convicted her. In a few months the judge asked her forgiveness for what he had done because match to him his moral sense hurt him, but the case had no remedy because it was already on appeal.2. 2nd year The second year, Jose had the same professor as in the preceding year but instead of lodging outside the City, he resided at No. 6 Calle Magallanes. At the end of the term he obtained a medal, and upon reverting to his town, he again visited his mother in jail alone. This was three months before her release. 3. 3rd year The rejoicing that her release produced in his spirit had much decide on the result of his studies in the third year, for he began to win prizes in the quarterly examinations.About that time he devoted himself to reading novels, and one of those he enjoyed most was Dumas (father) The Count of Monte Cristo. The sufferings of the hero of the twelve years. He also asked his father to buy him a copy of The Universal History by Cesar Cantanu, and according to himself he profited much from its perusal. 4. 4th year and last year The family, who saw in Jose great aptitude for study, decided to place him as intern or boarding student in the college the following year. In the corner of thedormitory facing the sea and the pier Jose passed his two years of internship.In the fourth year of his course he had Fr. Francisco Sanchez as professor. Jose describes him as a model of rectitude, a solicitude, and love for the student, and his studied mathematics, rhetoric, and Greek, and he must have progressed much, for at the end of the year he-obtained five medals, which pleased him immensely because with them I could repay my father so mewhat for his sacrifices.His aptitude for poetry revealed itself early, and from that time on he did not cease to take aim it.3. Secret Missiona. Travel for Spain The departure of Jose Rizal for Spain was kept secret from Spanish authorities, friars and even to his parents especially to his mother because she would not allow him to go. Only handful of family members and trusted family friends were informed. In order to avoid detection, he used the name Jose Mercado, name of his cousin in Calamba. Before his departure, he scribbled farewell letters to his parents and his sweetheart Leonor Rivera. b. Life in Madrid Avoid detection by the Spanish authorities and the friars, His parents did not know because he knew, they would not allow him to go. The kind Jesuit priests letter of recommendation to the members of their Society in Barcelona. c. Travel in Europe1. capital of France During his first summer vacation in Madrid, rizal went to Paris, gay capital of France. The prices of food, drinks, theatre, tickets, laundry, hotel and transportation were too high. Leannec Hospital where rizal observed the Dr. Nicaise treating his patients. Larboisiere Hospital where Rizal observed the eamination of different diseases of women. On march 1883 Rizal joined the Masonic Lodge called Acacia in Madrid. 2. Heidelberg February 1, 1886 Rizal reluctantly left gay Paris for Germany. 3. February 3, 1886 Rizal arrived in Heidelberg, a historic city in Germany famous for its old university and romantic surroundings. Chess Players Club wherein the students made Rizal as a member because of being a good Chess player Dr.Otto Becker distinguished German ophthalmologist where Rizal worked University Eye Hospital. April 22, 1886 Rizal wrote a fine poem A Las Flores de Heidelberg

Early Civilization Essay

History records the rise and fall of different elaborations of various countries. It has been piece that in different magazines, different civilisations reach the pinnacle of glory. moreover, out-of-pocket to various reasons, like ecological change, climatical disaster, natural calamities, outside conquest, epidemic disease, fall-short of population etc. flummox brought about their fall apart. The following examples clearly steer how, after the zenith of civilization, the downfall may come about. Indus Valley Civilization The explorers spade has unearthed the close fascinating remains of the extremely rich and flourishing civilization of the Indus valley.The long span of the Indus Valley civilization and its firmly settlight-emitting diode theatrical role lead to the perplexing question what was the cause of its destruction? At the manifest state of our knowledge and till the Indus script is deciphered we ar not in a federal agency to know the actual reasons of the e nd of this great civilization. However, on the basis of the on tap(predicate) data, rough attempts may be made to find out the causes of the decay of this civilization. First of all, in that location are dependable evidences to prove that rain in Indus valley was somewhat ample and equable in the third millennium B.C. The Indus valley had a braggart(a)r rain than what we see today and that the demean was swampy and full of jungles as known from the portend of animals like rhinoceros, elephants engraved on the seals. In course of time, the volume of rainfall gradually decreased. With the loss of rainfall, get to became arid and dry. The aridity of the land led to deterioration of the civilization. The underground salt was dragged to the surface by dehydration of moisture. The progressive drying-up of the land led to desert-condition. This is proved from the story of horse parsleys usurpation in the 4rth C. B. C.when Alexander the Great was marching through the cheerless wa stes of Makran, the desert condition of the area was far in continue (Thaper 55). Under the teeth of this inhospitable climate, the Indus civilization started to decay long before the foreigners invaded the towns. Secondly, the growing peril of downpour ability had been responsible for the evacuation of Mohenjodaro. With the gradual silting up of the bed of the Indus, the water-level rose high, specially in the wet season. This led, sometimes, to flooding of the urban center. At least on three occasions devastating floods swept over the city.It is entrap from excavation that an embankment 43ft. wide had to be rebuilt 14ft. higher up in order to protect the Mohenjodaro Citadel from the impinge water-level of the river. Houses were built up on piled-up debrieses or on raised foundations in order to avert the danger of flood. The extensive use of the burnt-brick instead of sun-dried ones at Mohenjodaro equally testfies the danger of flood. Thirdly, human negligence was a contrib utory element to the desiccation of Iands. Excessive flood of the Indus towns induced to burn bricks wood was used extensively as a fuel.The excessive deforestation caused by the felling of trees in order to burn bricks led to lour in the rainfall. It is a cardinal truth that lack of trees and forests decrease the rate of rainfall. The decline in rainfall dried up the crust of the earth and underground salinity came to the surface. Gradually deserts expanded and, resultantly, horti agriculture and human habitations were destroyed. The later phases of the civilization at Mohenjodaro presents a sad picture of this neglect and barrenness of the Indus civilization.In upper layers at Mohenjodaro, the dams meant to reserve the flood-water were not properly maintained. The agricultural standard also deteriorated. Fourthly, umpteen scholars feed pointed out that the Harrappans had a very iron-bound, conservative outlook about every subject. They refused to get from others any new thin g or system. The civilization was cramped by its inherent barrenness and incapability to adjust itself to changing time and purlieu. With the march of time, the civilization lost its vitality and original creativity. It failed to survive in the midst of changing environment and changing society.Some scholars emphasize this negative aspect of Harrappan civilization as the fundamental cause of its decay and, in their view, all other causes were merely contributory. An inertia grew out of this conservatism which ruined the vitality of the civilization. This reflects the negligience of the Harappans to quicken the dams. At Mohenjodaro among the s flush layers, the upper layers of later period, we find growing slums, houses macrocosm created upon ruins of old houses, rooms being pertitioned into small cells for swarming lower grade population. Houses were encroaching upon the streets lanes were chocked with klins.Old bricks were used for building new houses. Thus, there are reasons to believe that the internal decline and decay in the Harappan towns had set in long before the foreign attack which completely swept a stylus the Harappan culture. The internal decay started from the stagnation and barrenness of Hardpan culture and its failure to adjust with changing circumstances. With the internal decay was added natural calamities like floods, decrease in rainfalls and so on. According to some scholars, the city of Mohenjo-Daro was situated within a terrible earthquake-belt which might relieve oneself much devastated the city.Again the earthquake theory has been challenged by others on the ground that if the people at Mohenjo-Daro could build their city upon seven layers, why they failed to built another layer upon the city destroyed by the earthquake? besides the earthquake theory is not applicable to all the towns of Harappa-culture (Nath 670). In any case, internal decline started from many reasons and the towns began to decay. This decline and incapability to adjust with the changing circumstances is evident in the failure of the Harappa people to learn from Samaria the art of cutting canals to irrigate the fields.This incapability led to the destruction of dams or reservoirs. This is how Mohenjo-Daro lost its importance when the Indus shifted its course. The empyreal culture was practically ruined in 1900 B. C. , long before the invasion of the Aryans (Majumder 201). Fifthly, whatever may be the domestic potential for the gradual decline of the Indus civilization, its ultimate extinction was most certainty cod to invasion from without by a people who were probably the Aryans. The tragic end of the Indus civilization came about 1500 B. C., the time the when the Aryans entered into the land of the seven Rivers. It is said that, the Aryans destroyed some metal forts and seasonal forts. Similar forts or citadel have been found at Harappa, Mohenjo-Daro and other places. Hence, it is reasonable to infer that the Aryans were the destroye rs of the Indus civilization. Certain circumstantial evidences are also available to justify the theory of Aryan invasion. Excavation have reveled that in the blend stage of Mohenjo-Daro civilization, people were massacred in streets, houses and public places.Some of the victims were even women and children. Head and skull injuries found in the skeletons point to the use of sharp and sour weapons by the invaders. The dead bodies were left uncared and exposed. (Paul 126) According to some historians, the downfall of the Indus Valley civilization came up due to some natural disasters like earthquake or flood. But most historians believed that the fall was actually caused by the Aryan invasion and the consequent cultural conquest. Fall of roman print imperium The city of Rome, founded in 753 B. C.was originally the most important commercial center situated on the Tiber, very near to place where it flows into the Mediterranean. But subsequently Rome grew into a political power and expanded the empire over a large part of Europe, the Tigris and Euphrates valleys in Asia Minor, and the northern coasts of Africa. In 330 A. D. , Emperor Constantine founded a second large(p) at Byzantium on the Black Sea, which came to be known as Constantinople after the name of its founder. Virtually, the vast Roman empire was divided up into two parts double-uern and Eastern.In fifth one C A. D. (476) the West Roman Empire was disquieted up by the invading barbarians but the Eastern Empire, also called the Byzantine Empire with Constantinople as its capital continued to exist about a thousand years more (1453). In the view of Prof. heat content Perrine the fall of the Roman Empire has caused a stir among the historians. According to the view of Penne the Roman Empire was fundamentally confined to the Mediterranean by the end of the 3rd century B. C. in fact the Roman Empire had to depend on the Mediterranean commerce for its political and economic interests.Perrine has p ut emphasis on the homecoming that the repeated German tribal invasions in the 5th century B. C. on the Western Roman Empire while converting them into German provinces could not destroy the unity of the Empire. The provinces of the Roman Empire were not Germanized. He is of the suasion that it is also a mistake to suppose that the intermittent German tribal invasions lead to the introduction of farming(prenominal) economy in the occupied zone of the Roman Empire. The Frankish system was, in fact, Romano-Byzantine. It is obvious that Perrine did not attach much importance to German invasions of the Roman Empire.His comment on the expansion of the Islam on the Mediterranean is more important as it produced far-reaching consequences. According to him, the Islamic invasion of the 7th century A. D. is something unique. The occupation of Syria, Tunisia and Spain by the Moslem invaders destroyed the Mediterranean unity and caused the final separation between the East and West. In this way two opponent civilizations came face to face with each other by the middle of the 7th century and this confrontation led to the inauguration of the middle ages in Europe.As it has been aptly pointed out, the Mediterranean, once a Roman Lake, henceforth was converted into a Islamic Lake. Secondly, in the view of R. H. C. Davis, when the Byzantine and Islamic empires were flourishing, the economy of the Latin West was stagnant. Davis has pointed out that Perrine has come to his conclusions from a consideration of the economy of the ancient domain of a function. The economy of the ancient world was dependent on the commercial pilotage in the Mediterranean.Perrine is of opinion that so long this commercial navigation remained unmolested by the pirates, there was a regular flow of commerce and the population of Rome could be fed on African corn. If this normal commercial activity was disrupted then there would have been a total dislocation in this region. Davis has anticipated, fo llowing Perrine, the possible disturbing factors in the event of the unavoidable decline of commerce in the Mediterranean. According to him, with the decline of commerce, the towns and cities face the same fate.The flourishing life of municipal towns became the matter of past. Naturally, the population gradually decreased. The agricultural wealth locked up within the country as there was no other outlet. The greater landlords built up their own workshops for making tools or weaving fabric and they paid their workers in kind. This possible state-affair has been described by Perrine as the economy of no outlets. According to Perrine, this character of the economy was vividly seen during the eighth and ninth centuries and this is attributed to the feudal society.The land was the only source of wealth. According to him feudal system was the outcome of this economy of no outlets and Charlemagne was a child of it. It is the opinion of Perrine that free navigation of the Mediterranean mi ght have been suspended but the more important problem is to determine the actual time of this suspension. He therefore, has tried to find out evidence of the use of such goods in the Frankish Kingdom as could be produced in eastern or southern shores of the Mediterranean.Although his findings have been disputed, yet these goods included gold, olive oil, (from compass north Africa), oriental silk, papyrus (from Egypt) and spices. According to him, these goods were very much in use in Gaul upto the last quarter of the 7th century and they all disappeared from the market by the first quarter of the eight century. Thirdly, the invasion of the Muslims is an important factor in disrupting the Mediterranean navigation. But at the beginning of the 8th century A. D. the Muslim captured Palestine, Syria, Egypt, Tunisia and Spain.The occupation of Tunisia was the most vital as later had a position of particular strategic importance. aft(prenominal) its occupation the Muslims could disrupt t he communications between the eastern and western halves of the Mediterranean. Trade also continued in Byzantium, but Pisa, Genoa and other ports of provinces were neglected. Perrine pointed out, that for its reason a great vacuum was created in the port of Marseilles. This eventually led to the decline of the cities of the southern Gaul and the economy of no outlets was imposed by the Muslims on the Latin West.Fourthly, in the ninth and tenth centuries the most important trading centers were secured. Thus instead of Milan, Florence, Pisa, towns like Pavia, Amalfi, Reims and Verdun flourished as they were relatively secured and farther from the coast. Venice was an exception and trade was at its low ebb in the Latin West during the ninth and tenth centuries. Fifthly, the religious intolerance also played its part. The fete of Christianity was another important factor contributing towards the fall of Rome. Rome had been known to be a nation of religious tolerance.But some Romans, ma inly the Jews, did not accept Christianity. Naturally, there was a conflict between these two communities. Sixthly, although Jesus was crucified for his efforts to spread peace, the Romans were truly inspired by his words. Soon, the number of Roman involvement in the array and the participation in the community gradually declined. Resultantly, the Roman army was not increasing in numbers. At this juncture, the Barbarians of Germany, who formed an constitutional part of the Roman army, revolted against Rome and led disorganized attacks on several parts of Rome and even on the Roman army itself.Gradually, the Roman army became weakened and it was no longer a military super power in the world. Thus, it is crystal clear that the downfall of any civilization was never caused due to any single factor. Several factors accumulated and contributed together to the decay of these civilizations. Hence, it is amply clear that no civilization is permanent and ever lasting. As it rises at a part icular time, similarly, it comes to an end at another diachronic juncture. Reference Majumder, R. C.Indus Civilization, The Vedic Age, Dakshinamurty Prakashan, Calcutta, p. 201-203 Nath, P. The Scripts on the Indus Seal, Modern Publications, New Delhi, p. 670-74 Paul, C. Causes of the Downfall, A History of Rome, Dey Publishers, New Delhi, p. 121-26 Sethy, S. Perrine Thesis, The Fall of Rome, reality Press Pvt. Ltd. , Calcutta, 1981, p. 126-34 Thaper, R. History of India, vol. 1, ed. 3, 1987, p. 55-68 Wells, H. G. Wells, Barbarians Break Empire into East and West, A Short History of the World, Penguin Books, London, 1965, p. 152-61

Marketing concept of britvic Essay

Three key characteristics of the marketing concept within Britvic argon customer value, product tonus and marketing investigate. Using these three key characteristics of the marketing concept the business grew from a home get business to become the number 2 branded soft drink business in the UK. An framework of this is in 1938 Ralph Chapman, owner of British Vitamin Products Company realised that many of his poorest customers needed a source of vitamin c that was affordable so he discovered a way to bottle fruit juices in crank bottles that stayed fresh without needing the addition of preservatives, this meant the product was a quality product, what customers re altogethery needed and they could easily pick up because transportation of small glass bottles was easy and efficient.This put the customer first because they sought out what a customer needed and how to get it to them, al ways putting the customer at the centre of attention and guidance on that. 2.Britvics micro enviro nment compromises of factors immediately surrounding the organisational borders, the company has some control of these factors as it is made of factors such as their own customers, suppliers, competitors and media.After recognising the companys leading brand call forth in 1971 the British Vitamin product Company formally changed its name to Britvic making it more appealing to consumers. They went on to purchase competitors and are right away the number 2 branded soft drinks business in the UK. Britvic now supplies a wide chain of products and now supply to a wide range of customers be it an undivided purchasing one product from a vending machine to a leading supermarket purchasing all products to split between stores.The macro environment are larger factors which the company has little or no control over, these give the axe be referred to as PEST, Political Economic Sociocultural and Technological. Examples of how these factors work are that during the spend if the weather is poor the company sales figures will suffer, or after new rules came into television publicize the company now use non television campaigns. Sociocultural factors efficacy go mitt in hand with environmental and Britvic rely heavily on sponsorship of healthy uninfected activities or sporting celebrities for advertising and get the message across to consumers.3.Market look for and information self-contained are important to a company alike Britvic because like many businesses they change their products to suit external trends or decide which route to go stamp out when starting new advertising campaigns. The correct market research can identify potential markets, it can also help the company meet customer requirements and it can create a wide range of satisfied customers through finding out their wants and needs and creates the correct marketing mix, i.e. the right product in the right place at the right time. Marketing research also helps with ideas on how to promote the produ ct. 4.Britvic might collect market research by doing secondary research using information that already exists or primary research from going out into the market and carrying out some sort of investigations.The primary research is categorised further into qualitative and quantitative research techniques. Qualitative research is the way that information is gathered and can be interpreted in a number of ways this can be peoples views and opinions and cannot be quantified. An example of a qualitative research can be a concourse discussion, these are usually done early in the research process and can provide a great deal of information and are usually non statistical and based on customers opinions.Quantitative research is used to seek statistical information about the subject and require a larger heart of research and work. An example of quantitative research can be a postal survey, although these types of research are easier to ignore than telephone research the advantage is that it can cover a wider area and can be cost effective.5.The process of market segmentation is how a market is split into different categories for a accredited product to get to the correct consumer or business. These can be categorised in many ways such as age, sex or even income in some circumstances. The benefits of segmentation Britvic mean that they do not target the wrong type of customer with the wrong type of product. An example could be that sporting younger types of customers do not want to take carbonated drinks when participating in sports, so Britvic turn out sponsored major sporting events such as Wimbledon with the non-carbonated drinks brand Robinsons.

Critically evaluate the impact behaviourism has had on psychology Essay

Critically evaluate the impact behaviourism has had on psychologyFor hundreds of years philosophers speculated about the mind and in roughly the 1880s the popular method of psychology dealt lone(prenominal) with the conscious mind. The experiments carried out at this time were criticised for their lack of objectivity and by the 1920s a bare-assed brand of psychology emerged in the form of behaviourism.Psychology became a recognised discipline in around 1897 when Wilhelm Wundt started the first psychology lab in Germany. Wundt, along with others, attempted to investigate the mind through introspection, and observe their own conscious mental processes. While analysing their vox populis, images and feelings, they recorded and measured their results under controlled conditions and aimed to sort conscious thought into its basic elements as a chemist would with a chemical compound. This theory was known as structuralism.A particular critic of this method, in the early 1920s was John Broadus Watson (1878-1958), who felt that introspection was subjective and and so erroneous. He also felt the only way forward was by using methods that could be find by more that just one person and this could be achieved by studying behaviour. He wrote that behaviorism claims that consciousness is neither a definable nor a usable concept that it is merely other give voice for the soul of more ancient times. (Watson 1924)Behaviourist theories of learning are often called stimulant drug- receipt (S-R), and though only neoclassic conditioning fits the S-R model, the other major form, operant conditioning, is often included under the same heading, though it is importantly different. Classical conditioning is triggered involuntarily by a particular environmental stimulus. This means that a stimulus that does not normally produce a particular response can be paired with another stimulus that does, eventually resulting in both stimuli inducing the same effect, even when apply sep arately.A secure example of this was shown in the first experiments by Ivan Petrovich Pavlov (1849-1936) in the early 20th Century. During other research take shape he noticed that wieners often salivated before they were given any food, and even when they looked at food. This sometimes went as far as the chink salivating when he heard the approaching footsteps of the laboratory assistant bringing the food. Pavlovs observations used food as an unconditional stimulus and the salivating was an un conditioned response, an automatic reflex response. During the experiment a gong was paired with the food and referred to as a conditioned stimulus. It was neutral to begin with and got no response from the dog except for a passing interest. After the bell and food had been paired for some time the dog began to salivate at the sound of the bell and before the food was shown. The salivation was then a conditioned response as it was produced by the bell (conditioned stimulus).In 1920 Watso n took this work further when he attempted a homogeneous study on an 11month old boy called Albert. He used a rat as the pilot film stimulus, and Albert showed no fear of it. He paired the rat with an unconditioned stimulus, which in this case was a form hitting a four foot steel bar close to Alberts head, which frightened the child and do him cry. After about 50 pairings Albert was afraid of the rat which had by this time become the conditioned stimulus. The conditioned response (fear) spontaneously transferred to other items which included a white rabbit, a sealskin coat, cotton wool, Watsons whisker and a Santa mask. Though it was less severe, the conditioning persisted even after a month and Alberts pay back removed him from the hospital.