Positive Psychology in the Workplace

Positive Psychology in the Workplace Sandie Tharp University of Charleston English II Nada Najjar March 30th, 2013 Positive Psychology in the Workplace It has been proven that positive psychology in the workplace can improve and enhance workplace satisfaction because employees are more confident and are better able to manage stress and adversity. Employees that are happier with their work environment are typically more motivated and are more likely to pursue growth and development. Job satisfaction is an engine that drives organizations to success and keeps turnover rate to a minimum.An article from Harvard Business Review states that â€Å"a decade of research proves that happiness raises nearly every business and educational outcome: raising sales by 37%, productivity by 31%, and accuracy on tasks by 19%, as well as a myriad of health and quality of life improvements† (2011, Archor). Additionally, the author Archor asks if there is anything that a company can do to affect em ployee happiness and should a company invest resources into happiness. One avenue to happiness is using training as a tool that can be used to help employees to learn to manage stress.The first step is explaining the goal of the organization and how the employee contributes to that goal. Clear goals and expectations set out the mile post marking the marathon, by having clearly marked points of achievement for individuals or teams giving them a clear map to their success. It’s the manager’s responsibility to verify the goals of the team members, identify the common goal, and verify that they are in alignment with the organization goals. The King James Version of the Bible states â€Å"train up a child in the way he should go: and when he is old, he will not depart from it† (Proverbs. 2:6- King James Version). On the job training is the adult equivalent to raising a child. Putting subordinates on the path of success by providing the focus of the organizational ins tead of having the employee assuming or guessing about what to do causing stress and uncertainty. The economics of happiness in the workplace means that happy employees can help achieve organizational goals more easily because they are ready to give their best. Companies like Google and DreamWorks empower employees to use creative freedom in every day decision making.Google was a company that had to come up with a quick plan to reduce the turnover rate of their women employees because the turnover rate was affecting Google’s bottom line. In response, Google implemented a 5 month paid maternity plan, which gave new mothers the ability to take all the time upfront or to divide the time as needed. This new incentive plan reduced turnover by 50 percent among women and cost the firm no more than hiring a new employee. Google’s President Laszlo Bock, states â€Å"that if you factor in the savings in recruitment costs, granting mothers five months of leave doesn’t cos t Google any more money† (2013,Manjool).The new maternity policy that Google has implemented exemplifies why Google has become one of the best employers in the world, taking a major cause of employee turnover from a crippling weakness to a world class strength. Carolinas Healthcare is a system that contains 32 affiliated hospitals in North and South Carolina and is one of the leading healthcare systems in the southeast; Carolinas Healthcare employs over 44,000 employees. Managing such a large number of employees would be a challenge for any organization, but CHS has stepped up to the plate and has met that challenge and is leading the way for positive work environment.During a recent employee survey conducted by Morehead and Associates, CHS ranked in the 90th percentile in the national ranking of employee satisfaction. Carolinas Healthcare System already has a reputation of being â€Å"An Employer of Choice,† recognized by the JD Power and Associates in 2011† (201 2,Tarwater). This recognition has helped attracted top doctors and other medical professionals from all over the world. CHS concentrates on growth and expansion which helps generate excitement throughout the organization. Carolinas HealthCare System ecognizes that the employees are its most valuable asset and is dedicated to the growth and contentment of its employees. CHS recognizes that encouraging employees to continue educational growth will result in higher functioning, more competent workforce. Currently CHS offers an educational plan that reimburses employees for covered educational expenses and flexible scheduling around educational opportunities. Like Google with its maternity benefit, CHS has recognized that employees need and desire a clear path to growth and addresses this need with the educational assistance plan.Many organizations recognize the value of multiple bottom lines beyond monetary profit. Today the focus is on providing an environment based on positive intera ctions, outcomes and sustainability of the workforce. Organizations have come to realize that emotional intelligence and understanding is what allows employees to create positive interactions with customers and co-workers. According to Psych Central â€Å"research has shown that employees who are fully engaged in the work they do, and who have a sense of intrinsic motivation, are likely to perform better and a have better work outcomes† (2011, Wilner).To achieve these outcomes it is up to the organization to involve the employees and allow them to uncover their individual gifts and have the independence to use them for the common goals. Allowing employees to be involved gives them accountability for the success of the organization and a sense of pride, happiness and fulfillment. Positive psychology in the workplace can improve and enhance workplace satisfaction and have a positive impact on the organization’s bottom line. Companies like Google and Carolinas Healthcare understand the importance of a positive work environment.Both have provided pathways to fulfillment, whether through providing enhancement programs or through fostering positive interaction. Firms must continually look for avenues to promote growth, fulfillment and ultimately employee satisfaction if they are continue to improve the bottom line. It has been said that cheaper isn’t better; better is better. Today a better work force is cheaper than a cheap one. By continuing to harvest the fruits of a cohesive team built over time, an organization creates synergies that have a much greater return than the firm invests to create them. References Archor, S. (2011). â€Å"The Happiness Dividend†.Retrieved from http://blogs. hbr. org/cs/2011/06/the_happiness_dividend. html Bible – King James Version (1997). Proverbs 22:6. Hendrickson Publishers: Peabody. MA. Manjool, F. (2013). â€Å"Here's How Google Became Such A Great Place To Work. Retrieved from http://www. huf fingtonpost. com/2013/01/22/working-at-google_n_2526889. html Tarwater, M. (2012). â€Å"Employee Satisfaction†. Retrieved from www. carolinashealthcare. org Wilner, J. (2011). â€Å"5 Ways Positive Psychology can Improve the Workplace†. Retrieved from http://blogs. psychcentral. com/positive-psychology/2011/11/5-ways-positive-psychology-can-improve-the-workplace/

Annotated Bibliography: Drunk Driving

Annotated Bibliography: Drunk Driving Burke, Sheila. â€Å"TN Supreme Court to Hear Field Sobriety Case. † The Tennessean. N. p. , 23 Mar. 2013. Web. 28 Mar. 2013. This is a very interesting newspaper article out of the Tennessean. There is a huge case going on about drunk driving and field sobriety tests. This case consists of a 2009 DUI charge in Sevier County that was dismissed because car driver, David Bell, passed six field sobriety tests. The Tennessee Supreme Court has approved to take this case that could define if police officers can arrest people assumed of driving drunk after they have already pass field sobriety tests.Compare and Contrast Driving in the Winter and Driving in the SummerAlready three Tennessee courts have established that police needed the probable cause to arrest Bell and command a blood-alcohol test. Goldstein, Joseph. â€Å"Brooklyn Police Officer Is Accused Of Driving Patrol Car While Drunk. † The New York Times. N. p. , 29 Feb. 2012. Web. 26 Mar. 2013. This story is about an officer in Brooklyn, NY. This officer was out when he crashed his patrol car into a pole. I’m sure you ask what the cause was. The officer had just been coming from a fund-raiser for the four daughters of Officer Peter J. Figoski, who was shot dead in December while responding to a report of a robbery in Brooklyn.At this event the officer obviously had too much to drink while there. The officer was charged with driving while intoxicated and refusing to take a breath test, the police said. Hathaway, William. â€Å"Brain Study Reveals How Drinking Impairs Driving. † Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles Times, Dec. -Jan. 2004. Web. 24 Mar. 2013. This article discusses how the brain responses to being drunk while driving. How they go about this is they use an imaging scan. A couple of scientist studied this at Yale University School of Medicine and the Olin Neuropsychiatry Research Center at the Institute of Living in Hartford, Connecticut.W hat I think about the situation is if you’re intoxicated you shouldn’t be behind the wheel of any kind of automobile. That’s just like taking medicine and getting behind the will to drive. A lot of people compare this to smoking weed and driving a car. There is no difference in these if you’re pulled over your going get the same punishment you would get if you’re were drinking and driving. The best way to fix these problems is to just not operate an automobile in these situations. This article is reliable in that is gives a lot of information on brain study of drinking impaired. Hsu, Tiffany. â€Å"Teen Drunk Driving Declines as Gas Prices Rise. Los Angeles Times. BUSINESS, 3 Oct. 2012. Web. 24 Mar. 2013. As we all no gas prices have went up and down in the last few years. Although everyone thinks this is a bad thing it has helped the drunk driving rates go way down believe it or not. This article simply states the reason is that they really spend less time on the roads. Teenagers are especially delicate to upsurges in gasoline rates and declines in economic situations. I do for sure think that’s the reason for the decrease in the past years. More people have to manage their money better with gas prices going up and the more they spend the less they have to buy alcohol.A lot of teenagers today age try to car pull to the parties. This is sometimes a good thing and sometimes a bad thing. The reason they do this is to save gas and also they try to pick a designated driver that will not be drinking to drive them there. This is the positive thing about it. This article is good in that it makes you think about all the situations and look outside of the box. Jacobs, James B. Drunk Driving: An American Dilemma. Chicago: University of Chicago, 1989. Print. This book talked about drunk driving all together.This book wants to bring all the information together as a whole and put it all into a book, or as some would call this boo k a resource book. Professor Jacob’s thinks he’s managed to accomplish this difficult task. He had divided his book into three different parts called an anatomy of the social problem of drunk driving, an assessment of the role that criminal low and procedure play in defining and dealing with the problem, and a discussion of the effect of various social institutions have had an are likely to happen in the future on the social control of drunk driving. JENSEN, CHRISTOPHER. â€Å"Jan. 1 Is Worst Day for Drunken Driving. New York Times. N. p. , 31 Dec. 2011. Web. 26 Mar. 2013. This article talks about all the events on New Year’s. What do you think the worse day of the year is for fatal crashes? As we all know everyone’s out on New Year’s Eve going to parties and various places. A lot of alcohol is drunk that night. A lot of people still drive even after they drink. This is what is so dangerous about the situation. Over half of all the crashes that ha ppen on years half of them involve a drunk driver with a blood-alcohol content of at least 0. 08, according to an analysis by the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety.If people know they’re going to drink why do they even go and then leave? The worse time that all the crashes happen is right after the ball drops a little after 12. One of my friends had this exact thing happen to him. He left a party then ran off the road and luckily he was alright and only came out with a few scratches. Kordunsky, Anna. â€Å"Tougher Penalties Sought in Russia for Drunken Driving After Accident. † The New York Times. The New York Times, 26 Sept. 2012. Web. 26 Mar. 2013 This source is about the Russian legislators wanting stronger measure against drunk driving. This is due to horrible accidents that happened.The driver of the car crashed into a bus going at the speed of 125 miles per hour. This not only killed the driver but it also killed seven other people. Five of them were teenage rs with learning disabilities. The driver of the car already had a number of drunken driving issues in the past. He also drank for two day before even getting behind the wheel of the car. This is a very sad story. What could he of been thinking going 125 miles per hour. He may have been so intoxicated that he couldn’t control his self. I guess we will never know what was going through his head while he was doing this.The worst thing about the whole situation is the killing of seven insistent people, and even more worse that five were teenagers with learning disabilities. Situations like this makes you open your eyes and realize it’s just not worth it. Lerner, BARRON L. â€Å"Friends Still Let Friends Drive Drunk. † Well Friends Still Let Friends Drive Drunk Comments. The New York Times, 18 Oct. 2012. Web. 24 Mar. 2013. This article is about a 21 year old guy named Matthew Grape. He chose to get into the passenger seat with one of his Duke University fraternity b rothers. The driver then hits a tree only suffering minor issued.However Matthew doesn’t survive the crash. Reports from the press say the driver was charged with impaired driving. This is a horrible situation. This is why it is very important to think before you get into a car with somebody. You should never get in the car with an impaired driver. I bet Matthew hadn’t be thinking about all the bad thing that could happen to him, and he probably never thought getting into that car would end his life that night. Lerner, Barron H. â€Å"The Discovery of Drunk Driving. † One for the Road: Drunk Driving since 1900. N. p. : n. p. , n. d. 14-37. Print. This book talks bout all the effort that’s been around to eliminate drunk driving. This isn’t something that just came about in the last few years. This has been going on since they first started inventing cars way in the pass. Before automobiles actually came out they had already been studying and discuss ing the issue of drunk driving, which I find to be very interesting. This didn’t change their mine about automobiles. They also had already been through the same situation with horse and buggy, but it still wasn’t as dangerous as the automobiles. Mears, Bill. â€Å"Drunk-drive Blood Tests Divide Supreme Court. CNN. Cable News Network, 09 Jan. 2013. Web. 26 Mar. 2013. This article is about alcohol related car crashes in the United States. This amount is approximately 10,000 a year. This is just way too big of a number. Also law enforcement wants more flexibility to determine whether a suspected drunk driver is, indeed, over the limit. However the Supreme Court was openly separated in oral arguments about whether law enforcement agency can obtain a blood test without a warrant to define intoxication levels. The outcome was they get tested at the scene and also get test at the jail.

Franz Schubert

It was Franz Peter Schubert, who said to a friend â€Å"I have come into the world for no other purpose but to compose†. For someone to be so certain, focused and dedicated at such a young age with extraordinary talent and promise, finding out more about Schubert’s life and astonishing music was a must for me. Franz Peter Schubert was bone in Vienna, on January 31, 1797 to his father, Franz Theodor Schubert and his mother, Elisabeth Vietz.Because Schubert father was a schoolmaster, he began receiving lessons from his father at an early age, as early as age five. A year later Schubert was enrolled in his farther school and taking lessons not only from his farther but also piano lessons from his brother Ignaz. Schubert was very talented and gifted, there were times when his instructor would try to teach him new things which he already had knowledge of. It was at age eleven when Schubert became a choirboy in the court chapel and won a scholarship to the Imperial Seminary.I t was at the Imperial Seminary that Schubert was introduced to the symphonies of Mozart and visits to the opera that strengthen his musical knowledge. At an early age Schubert played the viola and also wrote many of his early string quartets in the family string quartet, with his brothers Ferdinan and Ignaz on violin and his father on the cello. Schubert composed many masterpieces in his late teens while teaching at his father’s school. While teaching Schubert also continued private lessons in composition from Salieri which had a huge impact on Schubert’s musical training than any of his other teachers.By the time Schubert was eighteen he composed 143 songs including The Erlking, which grabbed my attention. The Erlking is rich with emotions and has a physically powerful dialogue. When listening to The Erlking you can visualize the movement and passion so well that it gives you chills. Schubert’s Erlking is one of the earliest and finest examples of musical roman ticism. In Schubert’s Erlking, there is the narrator, father, son, and the Erlking, which is all song by one person. Because the Erlking s done by one person, that one singer is to deliver each character in its fitting tone. The frighten child is song in a high register in minor, while the father is sung in a low register that distinguishes with the high pitched of the son cries, and the Erlking has modest melodies in major keys. The Goethe’s ballad tells a story of a father riding on a horseback through a storm with his ailing child in his arms, as the child is being followed by the Erlking which denotes death.At the very beginning of the Erlking, the piano begins with rapid octaves. It is said that the triplet rhythm unifies the occurrence of the song and suggests that it represent the horse’s dash. The narrator then paints the perfect picture so that you are able to perceive this wild late ride as the farther holds his unwell son so tight and closely to him. As the Goethe ballad continues the son cries out to his father, my father in a forte tone to inform him of the Erlking and his presents.The father, who uses a lower register tone, try to consol the boy and keep him calm by suggesting that the Erlking is a streak of mist and the whispering promises from the Erlking was only wind rustling in the dead leaves. After the son cried out for the last time to his father even louder than before, â€Å"My father, my father, now he is taking hold of me! The Erlking has hurt me! † The piano stops and the father reach the courtyard weary and anxious with his child dead in his arms. It was on You Tube where I first had the pleasure of seeing and not only hearing the performance of The Erlking.Jessye Mae Norman the soprano Opera singer performed The Erlking. Jessye Norman was born in Augusta, Georgia on September 15, 1945 to Silas Norman an insurance salesman, and Janie King Norman. Norman is one of the most admired contemporary opera singer s and recitalists, and is one of the highest paid performers in classical music. Jessye Norman is also known for the direct and emotionally expressive qualities of her singing and for her formidable intellectual understanding of the music and its style.During the performance of The Erlking, Jessye Norman gave great passion thought the recital with her body movement and facial expressions. The distinctions between the narrator, son and father were very obvious and the tones were delivered well. In a New York Times article, Norman explained to John Gruen, â€Å"As for my voice, it cannot be categorized and I like it that way, because I sing things that would be considered in the dramatic, mezzo or spinto range. I like so many different kinds of music that I’ve never allowed myself the limitations of one particular range. Although Norman decides not to label her voice, there are some vocal critics that feel that she is not a dramatic soprano, but deem her to be more of a rare s oprano voice type known as a Falcon. The Falcon voice is an intermediate voice types between the soprano and the mezzo soprano that is similar to the dramatic soprano but with a darker color. Norman, nevertheless, refuses to position any label on her voice. Although Franz Schubert died at such a young age he was able to write over 600 songs, he composed symphonies, string quartets, operas, art song and piano pieces as well.Schubert was recognized to be more than a great song composer only after forty years after his death when the Unfinished Symphony was performed. It was in 1828 when Franz Schubert die, he was only thirty one years old. The cause of his death was said to be typhoid fever, which is a worldwide illness, transmitted by the ingestion of food or water contaminated with the feces of an infected person that contains the bacterium salmonella enterica. Later it was said that Schubert’s cause of death was syphilis.To recognize Schubert a memorial was built in Viennaâ €™s Stadtpartk to honor and always remember his greatness. Schubert’s grave was move to Zentralfriedhof the largest and most famous cemetery in Vienna, where it is now near Beethoven whom he admired deeply.REFERENCEhttp://www. charlierose. com/view/interview/10121http://www. classicalarchives. com/composer/3308. htmlhttp://www. youtube. com/watch? v=Iz5TV8LWbrohttp://www. bach-cantatas. com/Bio/Norman-Jessye. htm Franz Schubert Franz Schubert (1797-1828), the earliest master of the romantic art song, was unlike any great composer before him: he never held an official musical position and was neither a conductor nor a virtuoso; his income came entirely form composition. â€Å"I have come into the world for no other purpose than to compose,† he said. The full measure of his genius was recognized only years after his tragically early death. Schubert was born in Vienna, the son of a schoolmaster. Even as a child he had astounding musical gifts. If I wanted to instruct him in anything new,† recalled his amazed teacher, â€Å"he knew it already. † At eleven, he became a choirboy in the court chapel and won a scholarship to the Imperial Seminary. Schubert managed to compose an extraordinary number of masterpieces in his late teens while teaching at this father's school, a job he hated. His love of poetry led him to the art song; he composed his first great song Gretchen am Spinnrade (Gretchen a t the Spinning Wheel), when he was seventeen, and the next year he composed 143 songs , including The Erlking.When he was nineteen, Schubert's productivity rose to a peak; he composed 179 works, including two symphonies, an opera, and a mass. At twenty-one, he gave up teaching school to devote himself to music. He associated with a group of Viennese poets and artist who led a bohemian existence; often, he lived with friends because he had no money to rent a room of his own. Working incredibly fast, from seven in the morning until early afternoon, he turned out one piece after another.He spent his afternoons in cafes and many of his evenings at â€Å"Schubertiads,† parties where performances in the homes of Vienna's cultivated middle class; unlike Beethoven, he did not mingle with the aristocracy. The publication and performance of his songs brought him some recognition, but his two most important symphonies–the Unfinished and the Great C Major–were not performed in public during his lifetime. Schubert died in 1828, age thirty-one. His reputation was mainly that of a fine song composer, until the Unfinished Symphony was performed nearly forty ears later and the world could recognize his comprehensive greatness. Schubert's Music Along with over 600 songs, Schubert composed symphonies, string quartets and other chamber music, sonatas and short pieces for the piano, masses, and operas. The songs embrace an enormous variety of moods and types; their melodies range from simple, folk like tunes to complex lines that suggest impassioned speech, and their piano accompaniments are equally rich and evocative. Schubert's imaginative harmonies and dissonances provide some of the most poetic moments in music.The spirit of song pervades his instrumental music, too, and his longer works often include variation movements based on his own songs; his famous Trout Quintet in A Major (1819) is an example. Many of the symphonies and chamber works have long, lyr ical melodies, and a number of them–especially the Unfinished Symphony (1822) and the Great C Major symphony (1825-1826)–are comparable in power and emotional intensity to Beethoven's. The Unfinished was written six years before Schubert's death; no one knows why it has only two (rather than four) movements. The Great C Major was discovered ten years after his death by Robert Schumann.

Contextualizing the Effects of the Ruhr Crisis on the Second World War Essay

Contextualizing the Effects of the Ruhr Crisis on the Second World War - Essay Example The Occupation of Ruhr by the French triggered a domino effect of failures and problems that indirectly contributed to the inexorability of a second world war. The issue of reparations and the extent of the effects of the Ruhr crisis comprise â€Å"an excruciatingly tangled thicket into which only a few intrepid explorers have ventured.† However, if one must venture into this tangled thicket, one must plot a course that will show the clearest way to untangle it and take out the unnecessary weeds. In this sense, because the post-war period and the Ruhr crisis involve a lot of events and activities, one must sort through this stream of information and pick out only what is relevant. That is to say that the course exhibited in this paper is not the only explanation as another person may view the events in a different light and may go through a different route. Furthermore, the Ruhr Occupation and World War II are separated by sixteen long years; and so, it is very difficult to sa y for certain that the former caused the latter. Hence, this paper will attempt to show a complete analysis of the significant chain of events that explains why the Ruhr Crisis made a great contribution to the inevitability of a second world war through a shift or a regression in the European balance of power. France’s failure to achieve her goal of industrial expansion through the Occupation of Ruhr proved to be catastrophic as it not only drove a wedge between Britain and France and diminished her power in Europe, but it also created a chain of events that led to Germany’s reinforced supremacy that tipped the balance of power in her favor and the latter’s thirst for revenge that contributed greatly to the inevitability of World War II.

Team Creation Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Team Creation Paper - Essay Example Failure to establish these two very important components that should characterise the qualities of the team members will likely to impact negatively on the project. Another consideration when selecting team members is the aspect of availability. This entails that people who are flexible and committed to the project and can be readily available are given preference than chancers. Another consideration in selecting the team members is that they should have something to contribute to the overall project. Team members are selected on the basis of the knowledge and skills they possess about that particular project. In the same vein, these members should show a willingness to get along with the other team members towards the attainment of the goals of the project. Another strategy that can be used to select project team members is through the establishment of the members’ willingness to abide by the rules and the parameters of the project. Those who are not prepared to learn or shar e their ideas may not be capable to be selected as team members. b. Some of the team building strategies are going to be outlined in detail below. First and foremost, a task breakdown is the foundation for team building which helps the project manager to assign the right people to the right project tasks (Morris 2008). This foundation stage of team building is concerned with setting the vision, goals and objectives of the team. This strategy is very important in team building in that it clearly spells the direction upon which all the members of the team should follow towards the attainment of the project goals set. The other strategy in team building involves clarifying the roles of the team members. This helps minimise conflicts and misunderstanding as each and every member of the team will be aware of the role expectation in the project. The other strategy of team building is centred on establishing group norms that will shape the conduct of all the team members. Determining the t ask processes is another strategic factor in building a project team which will promote team cohesiveness. Dynamics related to the team such as issues related to interaction of the team members, communication, decision making process as well measures for conflict resolution are some of the strategies that can be taken into consideration when building a project team. These factors play a pivotal role as they are meant to ensure that the goals of the team are clearly spelled as well as attempting to minimise the chances of conflicts in the team. c. Within a diverse project team, potential areas of conflict may be a result of negative behaviour among members of the team where the members may disagree with one another or the direction of the team (Kerzner 2006). The major cause of conflict in a team is the aspect of diversity which encompasses such factors as age, culture, gender and work values. In some instances, senior employees may attempt to insubordinate their junior by virtue of seniority in terms of age which is a cause of conflict. This can also go hand in hand with the aspect of gender where in some cases women may be looked down upon by virtue of their sex and gender. This is a major cause of conflict where there is unfair treatment of the members of the team on the basis of gender. Cultural factors in a diverse proje

Alternative Solutions to Medical Testing on Animals Article

Alternative Solutions to Medical Testing on Animals - Article Example An ethical principle that guides the use of alternative methods to animal testing encourages the replacement, reduction and refinement as an effective way of minimizing animal suffering while safeguarding biological experiments thereby proposing ethical alternatives as the discussion below portrays. One of such alternatives is cell cultures (Maguire and Eric 121). This refers to the process of growing both human and animal cells in cultures thereby providing scientists with an opportunity to carry their tests effectively. Psychological egoism is among the ethical theories that continue to propagate for the alternative. According to the theory, explains that self-interests often motivate most of the human actions. Scientists and biologists cause immense pain, suffering and even death to other animals in their desire to make inventions thereby enhancing the profits they acquire from such (Watson 66). The theory therefore encourages the use of cells, which provides the scientists with similar platform to carry scientific researches while saving animals from the immense pain. Objectivism is yet another ethical concept that encourages the use of alternatives to animal testing. The concept explains that reality exists independently of consciousness. As such, humans can acquire knowledge from inductive logic and concept formation. Additionally, the concept explains that pursuing one’s happiness is the moral purpose of life. Using animals in scientific experiments provides humans with an opportunity to develop knowledge. However, the concept encourages the use of other safer and painless ways of doing the same. Dissecting animals is often a bloody affair that most people abhor (Monamy 78). The theory therefore encourages methods that enhance personal happiness and does not cause doubts in the minds of the scientists. Reciprocal altruism further advances the thought for a safer and painless ways

Social history-German student movement Research Paper

Social history-German student movement - Research Paper Example Although it finally declined in 1968, the movement brought lots of changes that are still felt in Germany’s education, culture, politics and economy up to the present times. The movement began in June 1966 when the Grand Coalition of Germany came into power. So, it slowly began as a response to the hypocrisy and dictatorship of the German government as well as other western governments such as USA and the poor living conditions experienced by the university students across the country2. The rise to power by Kurt Georg Kiesinger was seen to be a bad move because it was against any opposition of the government. Therefore, the university students felt that the government would extend its authoritarianism to controlling student movement and a free expression of their voices. Also, the students feared that the Wirtschaftswunder System would not last forever3. Hence, there would be an ever widening gap between the country’s poor and rich populations. This was influenced by the Marxist ideologies which the students had subscribed to. With this in their minds, the students thought that the cost of living would rise since the government was not committed to improving living standards of the proletariat4. As time went by, the movement gained momentum because the number of students who were interested in joining activism tremendously increased. They took part in demonstrations that were organized by groups such as Sozialistischer Deutscher Studentenbund in opposition to the regime5. This happened contrary to the government’s efforts to curb activism by using the media and deliberately reducing funding to the students organizations and their universities6. Later, the movement intensified especially after a visit by the Iranian Shah on June 2, 1967. Demonstrations were organized the Opera House to prove to the government